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Novel Features in Chromosome Y
Certainty Style Key
Hover over keys for definitions:
True
Likely
Speculative
Human Uniqueness Compared to "Great Apes":
Absolute DifferenceMOCA Domain:
Novel Chromosome Features and Banding Patterns Chromosome Y is the male sex chromosome. Evidence indicates it is undergoing more rapid evolution than the rest of the genome. Human and apes both have a pericentric inversion in chromosome Y. These inversions arose independently and the human inversion is unique with respect to content and breakpoint location. Humans also have a unique C-band on chromosome Y that is not shared with apes, and chromosome Y has the most human lineage specific segmental duplications of any chromosome. Multiple genes have been altered during human chromosome Y evolution via processes such as deletion, duplication and gene conversion, one example being double homeobox (DUX) genes 2-4 that appear to have undergone neofunctionalization.
The Human Difference:
Pericentric inversion
Centromere expansion
Gene neofunctionalization
References:
Hughes J, Skaletsky H, Pyntikova T et al (2010). Chimpanzee and human Y chromosome are remarkably divergent in structure and gene content. Nature 463:536-539.
Schmidt J, Kirsch S, Rappoid GA et al (2009). Complex evolution of a Y-chromosomal double homeobox 4 (DUX4)-related gene family in hominoids. PLoS ONE 4(4):e5288.
Cheng Z, Ventura M, She X et al (2005). A genome-wide comparison of recent chimpanzee and human segmental duplications. Nature 437:88-93.
Rozen S, Skaletsky H, Marszalek JD et al (2003). Abundant gene conversion between arms of palindromes in human and ape Y chromosomes. Nature 423:873-876.
Archidiacono N, Storlazzi CT, Spalluto C et al (1998). Evolution of chromosome Y in primates. Chromosoma 107:241-246.