@article {13019, title = {Relative over-reactivity of human versus chimpanzee lymphocytes: implications for the human diseases associated with immune activation}, journal = {J Immunol}, volume = {184}, number = {8}, year = {2010}, note = {

J Immunol.\ 2010 Apr 15;184(8):4185-95. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903420. Epub 2010 Mar 15.

}, month = {Apr 15}, pages = {4185-95}, type = {Comparative StudyResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, edition = {2010/03/17}, abstract = {

Although humans and chimpanzees share \>99\% identity in alignable protein sequences, they differ surprisingly in the incidence and severity of some common diseases. In general, humans infected with various viruses, such as HIV and hepatitis C virus, appear to develop stronger reactions and long-term complications. Humans also appear to suffer more from other diseases associated with over-reactivity of the adaptive immune system, such as asthma, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis. In this study, we show that human T cells are more reactive than chimpanzee T cells to a wide variety of stimuli, including anti-TCR Abs of multiple isotypes, l-phytohemagglutin, Staphylococcus aureus superantigen, a superagonist anti-CD28 Ab, and in MLRs. We also extend this observation to B cells, again showing a human propensity to react more strongly to stimuli. Finally, we show a relative increase in activation markers and cytokine production in human lymphocytes in response to uridine-rich (viral-like) ssRNA. Thus, humans manifest a generalized lymphocyte over-reactivity relative to chimpanzees, a finding that is correlated with decreased levels of inhibitory sialic acid-recognizing Ig-superfamily lectins (Siglecs; particularly Siglec-5) on human T and B cells. Furthermore, Siglec-5 levels are upregulated by activation in chimpanzee but not human lymphocytes, and human T cell reactivity can be downmodulated by forced expression of Siglec-5. Thus, a key difference in the immune reactivity of chimp and human lymphocytes appears to be related to the differential expression of Siglec-5. Taken together, these data may help explain human propensities for diseases associated with excessive activation of the adaptive immune system.

}, keywords = {*Adaptive Immunity/genetics, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology/metabolism/pathology, Animals, Antigens, B-Lymphocytes/*immunology/, CD/biosynthesis/genetics/physiology, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/biosynthesis/genetics/physiology}, isbn = {1550-6606 (Electronic)00}, doi = {10.4049/jimmunol.0903420}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20231688}, author = {Soto, P. C. and Stein, L. L. and Hurtado-Ziola, N. and Hedrick, S. M. and Ajit Varki} }