@article {308310,
	title = {Chimpanzee accumulative stone throwing.},
	journal = {Sci Rep},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	note = {http://www.nature.com/articles/srep22219},
	month = {2016},
	pages = {22219},
	abstract = {<p>The study of the archaeological remains of fossil hominins must rely on reconstructions to elucidate the behaviour that may have resulted in particular stone tools and their accumulation. Comparatively, stone tool use among living primates has illuminated behaviours that are also amenable to archaeological examination, permitting direct observations of the behaviour leading to artefacts and their assemblages to be incorporated. Here, we describe newly discovered stone tool-use behaviour and stone accumulation sites in wild chimpanzees reminiscent of human cairns. In addition to data from 17 mid- to long-term chimpanzee research sites, we sampled a further 34 Pan troglodytes communities. We found four populations in West Africa where chimpanzees habitually bang and throw rocks against trees, or toss them into tree cavities, resulting in conspicuous stone accumulations at these sites. This represents the first record of repeated observations of individual chimpanzees exhibiting stone tool use for a purpose other than extractive foraging at what appear to be targeted trees. The ritualized behavioural display and collection of artefacts at particular locations observed in chimpanzee accumulative stone throwing may have implications for the inferences that can be drawn from archaeological stone assemblages and the origins of ritual sites.</p>},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	doi = {10.1038/srep22219},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26923684},
	author = {K{\"u}hl, Hjalmar S and Kalan, Ammie K and Arandjelovic, Mimi and Aubert, Floris and D{\textquoteright}Auvergne, Lucy and Goedmakers, Annemarie and Jones, Sorrel and Kehoe, Laura and Regnaut, Sebastien and Tickle, Alexander and Ton, Els and van Schijndel, Joost and Abwe, Ekwoge E and Angedakin, Samuel and Agbor, Anthony and Ayimisin, Emmanuel Ayuk and Bailey, Emma and Bessone, Mattia and Bonnet, Matthieu and Brazolla, Gregory and Buh, Valentine Ebua and Chancellor, Rebecca and Cipoletta, Chloe and Cohen, Heather and Corogenes, Katherine and Coupland, Charlotte and Curran, Bryan and Deschner, Tobias and Dierks, Karsten and Dieguez, Paula and Dilambaka, Emmanuel and Diotoh, Orume and Dowd, Dervla and Dunn, Andrew and Eshuis, Henk and Fernandez, Rumen and Ginath, Yisa and Hart, John and Hedwig, Daniela and Ter Heegde, Martijn and Hicks, Thurston Cleveland and Imong, Inaoyom and Jeffery, Kathryn J and Junker, Jessica and Kadam, Parag and Kambi, Mohamed and Kienast, Ivonne and Kujirakwinja, Deo and Langergraber, Kevin and Lapeyre, Vincent and Lapuente, Juan and Lee, Kevin and Leinert, Vera and Meier, Amelia and Maretti, Giovanna and Marrocoli, Sergio and Mbi, Tanyi Julius and Mihindou, Vianet and Moebius, Yasmin and Morgan, David and Morgan, Bethan and Mulindahabi, Felix and Murai, Mizuki and Niyigabae, Protais and Normand, Emma and Ntare, Nicolas and Ormsby, Lucy Jayne and Piel, Alex and Pruetz, Jill and Rundus, Aaron and Sanz, Crickette and Sommer, Volker and Stewart, Fiona and Tagg, Nikki and Vanleeuwe, Hilde and Vergnes, Virginie and Willie, Jacob and Wittig, Roman M and Zuberbuehler, Klaus and Boesch, Christophe}
}
