@article {308445,
	title = {Ancient genomes link early farmers from Atapuerca in Spain to modern-day Basques.},
	journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	volume = {112},
	year = {2015},
	note = {http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/09/02/1509851112},
	month = {2015 Sep 22},
	pages = {11917-22},
	abstract = {<p>The consequences of the Neolithic transition in Europe--one of the most important cultural changes in human prehistory--is a subject of great interest. However, its effect on prehistoric and modern-day people in Iberia, the westernmost frontier of the European continent, remains unresolved. We present, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide sequence data from eight human remains, dated to between 5,500 and 3,500 years before present, excavated in the El Portal{\'o}n cave at Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain. We show that these individuals emerged from the same ancestral gene pool as early farmers in other parts of Europe, suggesting that migration was the dominant mode of transferring farming practices throughout western Eurasia. In contrast to central and northern early European farmers, the Chalcolithic El Portal{\'o}n individuals additionally mixed with local southwestern hunter-gatherers. The proportion of hunter-gatherer-related admixture into early farmers also increased over the course of two millennia. The Chalcolithic El Portal{\'o}n individuals showed greatest genetic affinity to modern-day Basques, who have long been considered linguistic and genetic isolates linked to the Mesolithic whereas all other European early farmers show greater genetic similarity to modern-day Sardinians. These genetic links suggest that Basques and their language may be linked with the spread of agriculture during the Neolithic. Furthermore, all modern-day Iberian groups except the Basques display distinct admixture with Caucasus/Central Asian and North African groups, possibly related to historical migration events. The El Portal{\'o}n genomes uncover important pieces of the demographic history of Iberia and Europe and reveal how prehistoric groups relate to modern-day people.</p>},
	keywords = {DNA, Farmers, Gene Pool, Genome, Geography, History, Ancient, Humans, Population Dynamics, Principal Component Analysis, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Spain},
	issn = {1091-6490},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1509851112},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26351665},
	author = {G{\"u}nther, Torsten and Valdiosera, Cristina and Malmstr{\"o}m, Helena and Ure{\~n}a, Irene and Rodriguez-Varela, Ricardo and Sverrisd{\'o}ttir, {\'O}ddny Osk and Daskalaki, Evangelia A and Skoglund, Pontus and Naidoo, Thijessen and Svensson, Emma M and Bermudez De Castro, Jose Maria and Carbonell, Eudald and Dunn, Michael and Stor{\r a}, Jan and Iriarte, Eneko and Arsuaga, Juan Luis and Carretero, Jos{\'e}-Miguel and G{\"o}therstr{\"o}m, Anders and Jakobsson, Mattias}
}
