@article {308585,
	title = {Origin of the HIV-1 group O epidemic in western lowland gorillas.},
	journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	volume = {112},
	year = {2015},
	note = {http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/02/23/1502022112},
	month = {2015 Mar 17},
	pages = {E1343-52},
	abstract = {<p>HIV-1, the cause of AIDS, is composed of four phylogenetic lineages, groups M, N, O, and P, each of which resulted from an independent cross-species transmission event of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) infecting African apes. Although groups M and N have been traced to geographically distinct chimpanzee communities in southern Cameroon, the reservoirs of groups O and P remain unknown. Here, we screened fecal samples from western lowland (n = 2,611), eastern lowland (n = 103), and mountain (n = 218) gorillas for gorilla SIV (SIVgor) antibodies and nucleic acids. Despite testing wild troops throughout southern Cameroon (n = 14), northern Gabon (n = 16), the Democratic Republic of Congo (n = 2), and Uganda (n = 1), SIVgor was identified at only four sites in southern Cameroon, with prevalences ranging from 0.8-22\%. Amplification of partial and full-length SIVgor sequences revealed extensive genetic diversity, but all SIVgor strains were derived from a single lineage within the chimpanzee SIV (SIVcpz) radiation. Two fully sequenced gorilla viruses from southwestern Cameroon were very closely related to, and likely represent the source population of, HIV-1 group P. Most of the genome of a third SIVgor strain, from central Cameroon, was very closely related to HIV-1 group O, again pointing to gorillas as the immediate source. Functional analyses identified the cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G as a barrier for chimpanzee-to-gorilla, but not gorilla-to-human, virus transmission. These data indicate that HIV-1 group O, which spreads epidemically in west central Africa and is estimated to have infected around 100,000 people, originated by cross-species transmission from western lowland gorillas.</p>},
	keywords = {Animals, Animals, Wild, Antibodies, Viral, Biological Evolution, Cameroon, Cytidine Deaminase, Epidemics, Feces, Genetic Variation, Genome, Geography, Gorilla gorilla, HIV-1, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Proteolysis, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus},
	issn = {1091-6490},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1502022112},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25733890},
	author = {D{\textquoteright}arc, Mirela and Ayouba, Ahidjo and Esteban, Amandine and Learn, Gerald H and Bou{\'e}, Vanina and Liegeois, Florian and Etienne, Lucie and Tagg, Nikki and Leendertz, Fabian H and Boesch, Christophe and Madinda, Nad{\`e}ge F and Robbins, Martha M and Gray, Maryke and Cournil, Amandine and Ooms, Marcel and Letko, Michael and Simon, Viviana A and Sharp, Paul M and Hahn, Beatrice H and Delaporte, Eric and Mpoudi Ngole, Eitel and Peeters, Martine}
}
