@article {308742,
	title = {Human preferences for sexually dimorphic faces may be evolutionarily novel.},
	journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	volume = {111},
	year = {2014},
	note = {http://www.pnas.org/content/111/40/14388.abstract.html?etoc},
	month = {2014 Oct 7},
	pages = {14388-93},
	abstract = {<p>A large literature proposes that preferences for exaggerated sex typicality in human faces (masculinity/femininity) reflect a long evolutionary history of sexual and social selection. This proposal implies that dimorphism was important to judgments of attractiveness and personality in ancestral environments. It is difficult to evaluate, however, because most available data come from large-scale, industrialized, urban populations. Here, we report the results for 12 populations with very diverse levels of economic development. Surprisingly, preferences for exaggerated sex-specific traits are only found in the novel, highly developed environments. Similarly, perceptions that masculine males look aggressive increase strongly with development and, specifically, urbanization. These data challenge the hypothesis that facial dimorphism was an important ancestral signal of heritable mate value. One possibility is that highly developed environments provide novel opportunities to discern relationships between facial traits and behavior by exposing individuals to large numbers of unfamiliar faces, revealing patterns too subtle to detect with smaller samples.</p>},
	keywords = {Adult, Beauty, Biological Evolution, Choice Behavior, Cross-cultural comparison, Face, Female, Humans, Least-Squares Analysis, Male, Masculinity, Personality, Regression Analysis, Visual perception},
	issn = {1091-6490},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1409643111},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25246593},
	author = {Scott, Isabel M and Clark, Andrew P and Josephson, Steven C and Boyette, Adam H and Cuthill, Innes C and Fried, Ruby L and Gibson, Mhairi A and Hewlett, Barry S and Jamieson, Mark and Jankowiak, William and Honey, P Lynne and Huang, Zejun and Liebert, Melissa A and Purzycki, Benjamin G and Shaver, John H and Snodgrass, J Josh and Sosis, Richard and Sugiyama, Lawrence S and Swami, Viren and Yu, Douglas W and Zhao, Yangke and Penton-Voak, Ian S}
}
