@article {308760,
	title = {Lethal aggression in Pan is better explained by adaptive strategies than human impacts.},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {513},
	year = {2014},
	note = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v513/n7518/full/nature13727.html},
	month = {2014 Sep 18},
	pages = {414-7},
	abstract = {<p>Observations of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) provide valuable comparative data for understanding the significance of conspecific killing. Two kinds of hypothesis have been proposed. Lethal violence is sometimes concluded to be the result of adaptive strategies, such that killers ultimately gain fitness benefits by increasing their access to resources such as food or mates. Alternatively, it could be a non-adaptive result of human impacts, such as habitat change or food provisioning. To discriminate between these hypotheses we compiled information from 18 chimpanzee communities and 4 bonobo communities studied over five decades. Our data include 152 killings (n = 58 observed, 41 inferred, and 53 suspected killings) by chimpanzees in 15 communities and one suspected killing by bonobos. We found that males were the most frequent attackers (92\% of participants) and victims (73\%); most killings (66\%) involved intercommunity attacks; and attackers greatly outnumbered their victims (median 8:1 ratio). Variation in killing rates was unrelated to measures of human impacts. Our results are compatible with previously proposed adaptive explanations for killing by chimpanzees, whereas the human impact hypothesis is not supported.</p>},
	keywords = {Africa, Aggression, Animals, Animals, Wild, Behavior, Animal, Female, Food, Human Activities, Humans, Male, Models, Biological, Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes, Population Density, Sexual Behavior, Animal},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	doi = {10.1038/nature13727},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25230664},
	author = {Wilson, Michael L and Boesch, Christophe and Fruth, Barbara and Furuichi, Takeshi and Gilby, Ian C and Hashimoto, Chie and Hobaiter, Catherine L and Hohmann, Gottfried and Itoh, Noriko and Koops, Kathelijne and Lloyd, Julia N and Matsuzawa, Tetsuro and Mitani, John C and Mjungu, Deus C and Morgan, David and Muller, Martin N and Mundry, Roger and Nakamura, Michio and Pruetz, Jill and Pusey, Anne E and Riedel, Julia and Sanz, Crickette and Schel, Anne M and Simmons, Nicole and Waller, Michel and Watts, David P and White, Frances and Wittig, Roman M and Zuberb{\"u}hler, Klaus and Wrangham, Richard W}
}
