@article {308897,
	title = {The evolution of fairness through spite.},
	journal = {Proc Biol Sci},
	volume = {281},
	year = {2014},
	month = {2014 Apr 7},
	pages = {20132439},
	abstract = {<p>The presence of apparently irrational fair play in the ultimatum game remains a focal point for studies in the evolution of social behaviour. We investigate the role of negative assortment in the evolution of fair play in the ultimatum game. Spite-social behaviour that inflicts harm with no direct benefit to the actor-can evolve when it is disproportionally directed at individuals playing different strategies. The introduction of negative assortment alters the dynamics in a way that increases the chance fairness evolves, but at a cost: spite also evolves. Fairness is usually linked to cooperation and prosocial behaviour, but this study shows that it may have evolutionary links to harmful antisocial behaviour.</p>},
	keywords = {Altruism, Biological Evolution, Choice Behavior, Cooperative Behavior, game theory, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Models, Psychological, Social Behavior},
	issn = {1471-2954},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2013.2439},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24523265},
	author = {Forber, Patrick and Smead, Rory}
}
