@article {309009,
	title = {Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans.},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {505},
	year = {2014},
	note = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature12736.html},
	month = {2014 Jan 2},
	pages = {87-91},
	abstract = {<p>The origins of the First Americans remain contentious. Although Native Americans seem to be genetically most closely related to east Asians, there is no consensus with regard to which specific Old World populations they are closest to. Here we sequence the draft genome of an approximately 24,000-year-old individual (MA-1), from Mal{\textquoteright}ta in south-central Siberia, to an average depth of 1{\texttimes}. To our knowledge this is the oldest anatomically modern human genome reported to date. The MA-1 mitochondrial genome belongs to haplogroup U, which has also been found at high frequency among Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic European hunter-gatherers, and the Y chromosome of MA-1 is basal to modern-day western Eurasians and near the root of most Native American lineages. Similarly, we find autosomal evidence that MA-1 is basal to modern-day western Eurasians and genetically closely related to modern-day Native Americans, with no close affinity to east Asians. This suggests that populations related to contemporary western Eurasians had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought. Furthermore, we estimate that 14 to 38\% of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from this ancient population. This is likely to have occurred after the divergence of Native American ancestors from east Asian ancestors, but before the diversification of Native American populations in the New World. Gene flow from the MA-1 lineage into Native American ancestors could explain why several crania from the First Americans have been reported as bearing morphological characteristics that do not resemble those of east Asians. Sequencing of another south-central Siberian, Afontova Gora-2 dating to approximately 17,000 years ago, revealed similar autosomal genetic signatures as MA-1, suggesting that the region was continuously occupied by humans throughout the Last Glacial Maximum. Our findings reveal that western Eurasian genetic signatures in modern-day Native Americans derive not only from post-Columbian admixture, as commonly thought, but also from a mixed ancestry of the First Americans.</p>},
	keywords = {Animals, Asia, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, Chromosomes, Human, Y, DNA, Mitochondrial, Emigration and immigration, European Continental Ancestry Group, Gene Flow, Genome, Human, Genome, Mitochondrial, Haplotypes, Humans, Indians, North American, Male, Phylogeny, Phylogeography, Siberia, Skeleton},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	doi = {10.1038/nature12736},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24256729},
	author = {Raghavan, Maanasa and Skoglund, Pontus and Graf, Kelly E and Metspalu, Mait and Albrechtsen, Anders and Moltke, Ida and Rasmussen, Simon and Stafford, Thomas W and Orlando, Ludovic and Metspalu, Ene and Karmin, Monika and Tambets, Kristiina and Rootsi, Siiri and M{\"a}gi, Reedik and Campos, Paula F and Balanovska, Elena and Balanovsky, Oleg and Khusnutdinova, Elza and Litvinov, Sergey and Osipova, Ludmila P and Fedorova, Sardana A and Voevoda, Mikhail I and DeGiorgio, Michael and Sicheritz-Pont{\'e}n, Thomas and Brunak, S{\o}ren and Demeshchenko, Svetlana and Kivisild, Toomas and Villems, Richard and Nielsen, Rasmus and Jakobsson, Mattias and Willerslev, Eske}
}
