@article {309059,
	title = {Fine tuning of craniofacial morphology by distant-acting enhancers.},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {342},
	year = {2013},
	note = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6157/1241006.full?sid=5f1e7fc8-b58e-4893-ba09-966f5c05e316},
	month = {2013 Oct 25},
	pages = {1241006},
	abstract = {<p>The shape of the human face and skull is largely genetically determined. However, the genomic basis of craniofacial morphology is incompletely understood and hypothesized to involve protein-coding genes, as well as gene regulatory sequences. We used a combination of epigenomic profiling, in vivo characterization of candidate enhancer sequences in transgenic mice, and targeted deletion experiments to examine the role of distant-acting enhancers in craniofacial development. We identified complex regulatory landscapes consisting of enhancers that drive spatially complex developmental expression patterns. Analysis of mouse lines in which individual craniofacial enhancers had been deleted revealed significant alterations of craniofacial shape, demonstrating the functional importance of enhancers in defining face and skull morphology. These results demonstrate that enhancers are involved in craniofacial development and suggest that enhancer sequence variation contributes to the diversity of human facial morphology.</p>},
	keywords = {Animals, Craniofacial Abnormalities, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Epigenesis, Genetic, Face, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Gene Targeting, Maxillofacial Development, Mice, Mice, Transgenic, Sequence Deletion, Skull},
	issn = {1095-9203},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1241006},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24159046},
	author = {Attanasio, Catia and Nord, Alex S and Zhu, Yiwen and Blow, Matthew J and Li, Zirong and Liberton, Denise K and Morrison, Harris and Plajzer-Frick, Ingrid and Holt, Amy and Hosseini, Roya and Phouanenavong, Sengthavy and Akiyama, Jennifer A and Shoukry, Malak and Afzal, Veena and Rubin, Edward M and FitzPatrick, David R and Ren, Bing and Hallgr{\'\i}msson, Benedikt and Pennacchio, Len A and Visel, Axel}
}
