@article {309967,
	title = {Social and emotional messages of smiling: An ethological approach.},
	journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1979},
	month = {1979},
	pages = {1539 - 1553},
	abstract = {<p>Naturalistic observation at a bowling alley (N = 1,793 balls) shows that bowlers often smiled when socially engaged, looking at and talking to others, but not necessarily after scoring a spare or a strike. In a 2nd study, bowlers (N = 166 balls) rarely smiled while facing the pins but often smiled when facing their friends. At a hockey game, fans (N = 3,726 faces) smiled both when they were socially involved and after events favorable to their team. Pedestrians (N = 663) were much more likely to smile when talking but only slightly more likely to smile in response to nice weather than to unpleasant weather. These 4 studies suggest a strong and robust association of smiling with a social motivation and an erratic association with emotional experience. (29 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)</p>
},
	keywords = {*Emotional Responses, *Motivation, *Smiles, Social Influences},
	isbn = {1939-1315(Electronic);0022-3514(Print)},
	author = {Kraut, Robert E. and Johnston, Robert E.}
}
