@article {319419,
	title = {Human impact erodes chimpanzee behavioral diversity},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {363},
	year = {2019},
	month = {2019/03/29},
	pages = {1453},
	abstract = {<p>We often frame negative human impacts on animal species in terms of numbers of individuals reduced or numbers of regions from which species are absent. However, human activities are likely affecting species in more complex ways than these figures can capture. K{\"u}hl et al. studied behavioral and cultural diversity in our closest relative, the chimpanzee. They found that human-mediated disturbance is reducing these complex traits. Human influence thus goes well beyond simple loss of populations or species, leading to behavioral change even where populations persist.Science, this issue p. 1453Chimpanzees possess a large number of behavioral and cultural traits among nonhuman species. The {\textquotedblleft}disturbance hypothesis{\textquotedblright} predicts that human impact depletes resources and disrupts social learning processes necessary for behavioral and cultural transmission. We used a dataset of 144 chimpanzee communities, with information on 31 behaviors, to show that chimpanzees inhabiting areas with high human impact have a mean probability of occurrence reduced by 88\%, across all behaviors, compared to low-impact areas. This behavioral diversity loss was evident irrespective of the grouping or categorization of behaviors. Therefore, human impact may not only be associated with the loss of populations and genetic diversity, but also affects how animals behave. Our results support the view that {\textquotedblleft}culturally significant units{\textquotedblright} should be integrated into wildlife conservation.</p>
},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aau4532},
	url = {https://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6434/1453},
	author = {K{\"u}hl, Hjalmar S. and Boesch, Christophe and Kulik, Lars and Haas, Fabian and Arandjelovic, Mimi and Dieguez, Paula and Bocksberger, Ga{\"e}lle and McElreath, Mary Brooke and Agbor, Anthony and Angedakin, Samuel and Ayimisin, Emmanuel Ayuk and Bailey, Emma and Barubiyo, Donatienne and Bessone, Mattia and Brazzola, Gregory and Chancellor, Rebecca and Cohen, Heather and Coupland, Charlotte and Danquah, Emmanuel and Deschner, Tobias and Dowd, Dervla and Dunn, Andrew and Egbe, Villard Ebot and Eshuis, Henk and Goedmakers, Annemarie and Granjon, Anne-C{\'e}line and Head, Josephine and Hedwig, Daniela and Hermans, Veerle and Imong, Inaoyom and Jeffery, Kathryn J. and Jones, Sorrel and Junker, Jessica and Kadam, Parag and Kambere, Mbangi and Kambi, Mohamed and Kienast, Ivonne and Kujirakwinja, Deo and Langergraber, Kevin E. and Lapuente, Juan and Larson, Bradley and Lee, Kevin and Leinert, Vera and Llana, Manuel and Maretti, Giovanna and Marrocoli, Sergio and Martin, Rumen and Mbi, Tanyi Julius and Meier, Amelia C. and Morgan, Bethan and Morgan, David and Mulindahabi, Felix and Murai, Mizuki and Neil, Emily and Niyigaba, Protais and Ormsby, Lucy Jayne and Orume, Robinson and Pacheco, Liliana and Piel, Alex and Preece, Jodie and Regnaut, Sebastien and Rundus, Aaron and Sanz, Crickette and van Schijndel, Joost and Sommer, Volker and Stewart, Fiona and Tagg, Nikki and Vendras, Elleni and Vergnes, Virginie and Welsh, Adam and Wessling, Erin G. and Willie, Jacob and Wittig, Roman M. and Yuh, Yisa Ginath and Yurkiw, Kyle and Zuberb{\"u}hler, Klaus and Kalan, Ammie K.}
}
