@article {320709,
	title = {Last appearance of Homo erectus at Ngandong, Java, 117,000{\textendash}108,000~years ago},
	year = {2019},
	month = {2019/12/18},
	abstract = {<p>Homo erectus is the founding early hominin species of Island Southeast Asia, and reached Java (Indonesia) more than 1.5\&nbsp;million years ago1,2. Twelve H.\&nbsp;erectus calvaria (skull caps) and two tibiae (lower leg bones) were discovered from a bone bed located about 20\&nbsp;m above the Solo River at Ngandong (Central Java) between 1931 and 19333,4, and are of the youngest, most-advanced form of H.\&nbsp;erectus5{\textendash}8. Despite the importance of the Ngandong fossils, the relationship between the fossils, terrace fill and ages have been heavily debated9{\textendash}14. Here, to resolve the age of the Ngandong evidence, we use Bayesian modelling of 52\&nbsp;radiometric age estimates to establish{\textemdash}to our knowledge{\textemdash}the first\&nbsp;robust chronology at regional, valley and local scales. We used uranium-series dating of speleothems to constrain regional landscape evolution; luminescence, 40argon/39argon (40Ar/39Ar) and uranium-series dating to constrain the sequence of terrace evolution; and applied uranium-series and uranium series{\textendash}electron-spin resonance (US{\textendash}ESR) dating to non-human fossils to directly date our re-excavation of Ngandong5,15. We show that at least by 500\&nbsp;thousand years ago (ka) the Solo River was diverted into the Kendeng Hills, and that it formed the Solo terrace sequence between 316 and 31\&nbsp;ka and the Ngandong terrace between about 140 and 92\&nbsp;ka. Non-human fossils recovered during the re-excavation of Ngandong date to between 109 and 106\&nbsp;ka (uranium-series minimum)16 and 134 and 118 ka (US{\textendash}ESR), with modelled ages of 117 to 108\&nbsp;thousand years (kyr) for the H.\&nbsp;erectus bone bed, which accumulated during flood conditions3,17. These results negate the extreme ages that have been proposed for the site and solidify Ngandong as the last known occurrence of this long-lived species.</p>
},
	isbn = {1476-4687},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1863-2},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1863-2},
	author = {Rizal, Yan and Westaway, Kira E. and Zaim, Yahdi and van den Bergh, Gerrit D. and Bettis, E. Arthur and Morwood, Michael J. and Huffman, O. Frank and Gr{\"u}n, Rainer and Joannes-Boyau, Renaud and Bailey, Richard M. and Sidarto and Westaway, Michael C. and Kurniawan, Iwan and Moore, Mark W. and Storey, Michael and Aziz, Fachroel and Suminto and Zhao, Jian-xin and Aswan and Sipola, Maija E. and Larick, Roy and Zonneveld, John-Paul and Scott, Robert and Putt, Shelby and Ciochon, Russell L.}
}
