@article {328951,
	title = {Sequence Order in the Range 1 to 19 by Chimpanzees on a Touchscreen Task: Processing Two-Digit Arabic Numerals.},
	journal = {Animals (Basel)},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2023},
	month = {2023 Feb 21},
	abstract = {<p>The sequence of Arabic numerals from 1 to 19 was taught to six chimpanzees, three pairs of mother and child. Each chimpanzee participant sat facing a touchscreen on which the numerals appeared in random positions within an imaginary 5-by-8 matrix. They had to touch the numerals in ascending order. Baseline training involved touching the adjacent numerals from 1 to X or from the numeral X to 19. Systematic tests revealed the following results: (1) The range 1 to 9 was easier than 1 to 19. (2) Adjacent numerals were easier than nonadjacent ones. (3) The "masking" (memory task) caused deterioration of performance. All these factors depended on the number of numerals simultaneously presented on the screen. A chimpanzee named Pal mastered the skill of ordering two-digit numerals with 100\% accuracy. Human participants were tested in the same experiment with the same procedure. Both species showed relative difficulty in handling two-digit numerals. Global-local information processing is known to be different between humans and other primates. The assessment of chimpanzee performance and comparison with humans were discussed in terms of the possible difference in the global-local dual information processing of two-digit numerals.</p>
},
	issn = {2076-2615},
	doi = {10.3390/ani13050774},
	author = {Muramatsu, Akiho and Matsuzawa, Tetsuro}
}
