<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soto, P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stein, L. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hurtado-Ziola, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hedrick, S. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ajit Varki</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relative over-reactivity of human versus chimpanzee lymphocytes: implications for the human diseases associated with immune activation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Immunol</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Adaptive Immunity/genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology/metabolism/pathology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antigens</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">B-Lymphocytes/*immunology/</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CD/biosynthesis/genetics/physiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Differentiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myelomonocytic/biosynthesis/genetics/physiology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apr 15</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20231688</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010/03/17</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">184</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4185-95</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1550-6606 (Electronic)00</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Although humans and chimpanzees share &amp;gt;99% identity in alignable protein sequences, they differ surprisingly in the incidence and severity of some common diseases. In general, humans infected with various viruses, such as HIV and hepatitis C virus, appear to develop stronger reactions and long-term complications. Humans also appear to suffer more from other diseases associated with over-reactivity of the adaptive immune system, such as asthma, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis. In this study, we show that human T cells are more reactive than chimpanzee T cells to a wide variety of stimuli, including anti-TCR Abs of multiple isotypes, l-phytohemagglutin, Staphylococcus aureus superantigen, a superagonist anti-CD28 Ab, and in MLRs. We also extend this observation to B cells, again showing a human propensity to react more strongly to stimuli. Finally, we show a relative increase in activation markers and cytokine production in human lymphocytes in response to uridine-rich (viral-like) ssRNA. Thus, humans manifest a generalized lymphocyte over-reactivity relative to chimpanzees, a finding that is correlated with decreased levels of inhibitory sialic acid-recognizing Ig-superfamily lectins (Siglecs; particularly Siglec-5) on human T and B cells. Furthermore, Siglec-5 levels are upregulated by activation in chimpanzee but not human lymphocytes, and human T cell reactivity can be downmodulated by forced expression of Siglec-5. Thus, a key difference in the immune reactivity of chimp and human lymphocytes appears to be related to the differential expression of Siglec-5. Taken together, these data may help explain human propensities for diseases associated with excessive activation of the adaptive immune system.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparative StudyResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov&#039;t</style></work-type><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span role=&quot;menubar&quot;&gt;J Immunol.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;2010 Apr 15;184(8):4185-95. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903420. Epub 2010 Mar 15.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3085894</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.</style></auth-address></record></records></xml>