<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preuss, T. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human brain evolution: from gene discovery to phenotype discovery</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&amp;</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Biological Evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Genetic Association Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain/*anatomy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">histology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenotype</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jun 26</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22723367</style></url></web-urls></urls><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012/06/23</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109 Suppl </style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10709-16</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1091-6490 (Electronic)00</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The rise of comparative genomics and related technologies has added important new dimensions to the study of human evolution. Our knowledge of the genes that underwent expression changes or were targets of positive selection in human evolution is rapidly increasing, as is our knowledge of gene duplications, translocations, and deletions. It is now clear that the genetic differences between humans and chimpanzees are far more extensive than previously thought; their genomes are not 98% or 99% identical. Despite the rapid growth in our understanding of the evolution of the human genome, our understanding of the relationship between genetic changes and phenotypic changes is tenuous. This is true even for the most intensively studied gene, FOXP2, which underwent positive selection in the human terminal lineage and is thought to have played an important role in the evolution of human speech and language. In part, the difficulty of connecting genes to phenotypes reflects our generally poor knowledge of human phenotypic specializations, as well as the difficulty of interpreting the consequences of genetic changes in species that are not amenable to invasive research. On the positive side, investigations of FOXP2, along with genomewide surveys of gene-expression changes and selection-driven sequence changes, offer the opportunity for &amp;quot;phenotype discovery,&amp;quot; providing clues to human phenotypic specializations that were previously unsuspected. What is more, at least some of the specializations that have been proposed are amenable to testing with noninvasive experimental techniques appropriate for the study of humans and apes.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span role=&quot;menubar&quot;&gt;Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;2012 Jun 26;109 Suppl 1:10709-16. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1201894109. Epub 2012 Jun 20.&lt;/p&gt;</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3386880</style></custom2></record></records></xml>