<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coxworth, James E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Peter S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McQueen, John S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hawkes, Kristen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grandmothering life histories and human pair bonding.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Demography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grandparents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Life Cycle Stages</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pair Bond</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pan troglodytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sex Ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sexual Behavior, Animal</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015 Sep 22</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/26351687</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">112</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11806-11</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0027-8424</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The evolution of distinctively human life history and social organization is generally attributed to paternal provisioning based on pair bonds. Here we develop an alternative argument that connects the evolution of human pair bonds to the male-biased mating sex ratios that accompanied the evolution of human life history. We simulate an agent-based model of the grandmother hypothesis, compare simulated sex ratios to data on great apes and human hunter-gatherers, and note associations between a preponderance of males and mate guarding across taxa. Then we explore a recent model that highlights the importance of mating sex ratios for differences between birds and mammals and conclude that lessons for human evolution cannot ignore mammalian reproductive constraints. In contradiction to our claim that male-biased sex ratios are characteristically human, female-biased ratios are reported in some populations. We consider the likelihood that fertile men are undercounted and conclude that the mate-guarding hypothesis for human pair bonds gains strength from explicit links with our grandmothering life history.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26351687</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(74, 74, 74);&quot;&gt;http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/09/02/1599993112&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(74, 74, 74);&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/&lt;/span&gt;pubmed&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(74, 74, 74);&quot;&gt;/26351687?&lt;/span&gt;dopt&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(74, 74, 74);&quot;&gt;=Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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