<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jaubert, Jacques</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verheyden, Sophie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genty, Dominique</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soulier, Michel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cheng, Hai</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blamart, Dominique</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burlet, Christian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Camus, Hubert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Delaby, Serge</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deldicque, Damien</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edwards, R. Lawrence</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferrier, Catherine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lacrampe-Cuyaubère, François</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lévêque, François</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maksud, Frédéric</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mora, Pascal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muth, Xavier</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Régnier, Édouard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rouzaud, Jean-Noël</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santos, Frédéric</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early Neanderthal constructions deep in Bruniquel Cave in southwestern France</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature18291.html</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Very little is known about Neanderthal cultures&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature18291.html#ref1&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-36&quot; title=&quot;Mellars, P. The Neanderthal Legacy. An Archaeological Perspective from Western Europe, (Princeton University Press, 1996)&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, particularly early ones. Other than lithic implements and exceptional bone tools&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature18291.html#ref2&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-37&quot; title=&quot;Soressi, M. et al. Neandertals made the first specialized bone tools in Europe. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 14186–14190 (2013)&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, very few artefacts have been preserved. While those that do remain include red and black pigments&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature18291.html#ref3&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-38&quot; title=&quot;Soressi, M. &amp;amp; d’Errico, F. Pigments, gravures, parures: les comportements controversés des Néandertaliens. In Les Néandertaliens, Biologie et Cultures (eds Vandermeersch B. et Maureille B. ) Doc. Préhist. 23, Paris, CTHS, 297–309 (2007)&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and burial sites&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature18291.html#ref4&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-39&quot; title=&quot;Maureille, B. &amp;amp; Vandermeersch, B. Les sépultures néandertaliennes. In Les Néandertaliens, Biologie et Cultures (eds Vandermeersch, B. &amp;amp; Maureille, B. ) Doc. Préhist. 23, Paris: CTHS, 311–322 (2007)&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, these indications of modernity are extremely sparse and few have been precisely dated, thus greatly limiting our knowledge of these predecessors of modern humans&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature18291.html#ref5&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-40&quot; title=&quot;Villa, P. &amp;amp; Roebroeks, W. Neandertal Demise: An Archaeological Analysis of the Modern Human Superiority Complex. PLoS One 9, e96424 (2014)&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. Here we report the dating of annular constructions made of broken stalagmites found deep in Bruniquel Cave in southwest France. The regular geometry of the stalagmite circles, the arrangement of broken stalagmites and several traces of fire demonstrate the anthropogenic origin of these constructions. Uranium-series dating of stalagmite regrowths on the structures and on burnt bone, combined with the dating of stalagmite tips in the structures, give a reliable and replicated age of 176.5 thousand years (±2.1 thousand years), making these edifices among the oldest known well-dated constructions made by humans. Their presence at 336 metres from the entrance of the cave indicates that humans from this period had already mastered the underground environment, which can be considered a major step in human modernity.&lt;/p&gt;
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