<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quam, Rolf M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Ruiter, Darryl J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Masali, Melchiorre</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arsuaga, Juan-Luis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martínez, Ignacio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moggi-Cecchi, Jacopo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early hominin auditory ossicles from South Africa.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anatomy, Comparative</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Body Weights and Measures</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ear Ossicles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fossils</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hominidae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South Africa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Species Specificity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013 May 28</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23671079</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">110</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8847-51</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The middle ear ossicles are only rarely preserved in fossil hominins. Here, we report the discovery of a complete ossicular chain (malleus, incus, and stapes) of Paranthropus robustus as well as additional ear ossicles from Australopithecus africanus. The malleus in both early hominin taxa is clearly human-like in the proportions of the manubrium and corpus, whereas the incus and stapes resemble African and Asian great apes more closely. A deep phylogenetic origin is proposed for the derived malleus morphology, and this may represent one of the earliest human-like features to appear in the fossil record. The anatomical differences found in the early hominin incus and stapes, along with other aspects of the outer, middle, and inner ear, are consistent with the suggestion of different auditory capacities in these early hominin taxa compared with modern humans.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.pnas.org/content/110/22/8847.full.pdf</style></notes><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23671079?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record></records></xml>