<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Broesch, T,</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Callaghan, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henrich, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murphy, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rochat, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cultural Variations in Children’s Mirror Self-Recognition</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://jcc.sagepub.com/content/42/6/1018.short</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1018-1029</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Western children first show signs of mirror self-recognition (MSR) from 18 to 24 months of age, the benchmark index of emerging self-concept. Such signs include self-oriented behaviors while looking at the mirror to touch or remove a mark surreptitiously placed on the child’s face. The authors attempted to replicate this finding across cultures using a simplified version of the classic “mark test.” In Experiment 1, Kenyan children (N&amp;nbsp;= 82, 18 to 72 months old) display a pronounced absence of spontaneous self-oriented behaviors toward the mark. In Experiment 2, the authors tested children in Fiji, Saint Lucia, Grenada, and Peru (N&amp;nbsp;= 133, 36 to 55 months old), as well as children from urban United States and rural Canada. As expected from existing reports, a majority of the Canadian and American children demonstrate spontaneous self-oriented behaviors toward the mark. However, markedly fewer children from the non-Western rural sites demonstrate such behaviors. These results suggest that there are profound cross-cultural differences in the meaning of the MSR test, questioning the validity of the mark test as a universal index of self-concept in children’s development.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1018</style></section></record></records></xml>