<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forber, Patrick</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smead, Rory</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The evolution of fairness through spite.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc Biol Sci</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Biol. Sci.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Altruism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choice Behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cooperative Behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">game theory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interpersonal Relations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Psychological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Social Behavior</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014 Apr 7</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24523265</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">281</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20132439</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The presence of apparently irrational fair play in the ultimatum game remains a focal point for studies in the evolution of social behaviour. We investigate the role of negative assortment in the evolution of fair play in the ultimatum game. Spite-social behaviour that inflicts harm with no direct benefit to the actor-can evolve when it is disproportionally directed at individuals playing different strategies. The introduction of negative assortment alters the dynamics in a way that increases the chance fairness evolves, but at a cost: spite also evolves. Fairness is usually linked to cooperation and prosocial behaviour, but this study shows that it may have evolutionary links to harmful antisocial behaviour.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1780</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24523265?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record></records></xml>