<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Greaves, Mel</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Was skin cancer a selective force for black pigmentation in early hominin evolution?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc Biol Sci</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Biol. Sci.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Albinism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hominidae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melanins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selection, Genetic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skin Pigmentation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014 Apr 22</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24573849</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">281</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20132955</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Melanin provides a crucial filter for solar UV radiation and its genetically determined variation influences both skin pigmentation and risk of cancer. Genetic evidence suggests that the acquisition of a highly stable melanocortin 1 receptor allele promoting black pigmentation arose around the time of savannah colonization by hominins at some 1-2 Ma. The adaptive significance of dark skin is generally believed to be protection from UV damage but the pathologies that might have had a deleterious impact on survival and/or reproductive fitness, though much debated, are uncertain. Here, I suggest that data on age-associated cancer incidence and lethality in albinos living at low latitudes in both Africa and Central America support the contention that skin cancer could have provided a potent selective force for the emergence of black skin in early hominins.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1781</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1781/20132955.full?sid=646a144a-5241-4546-8fd4-66b1086ec0f2</style></notes><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24573849?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record></records></xml>