<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van den Bergh, Gerrit D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaifu, Yousuke</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kurniawan, Iwan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kono, Reiko T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brumm, Adam</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Setiyabudi, Erick</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aziz, Fachroel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morwood, Michael J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Homo floresiensis-like fossils from the early Middle Pleistocene of Flores</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016/06/09/print</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v534/n7606/full/nature17999.html</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">534</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">245 - 248</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-0836</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The evolutionary origin of &lt;i&gt;Homo floresiensis&lt;/i&gt;, a diminutive hominin species previously known only by skeletal remains from Liang Bua in western Flores, Indonesia, has been intensively debated. It is a matter of controversy whether this primitive form, dated to the Late Pleistocene, evolved from early Asian &lt;i&gt;Homo erectus&lt;/i&gt; and represents a unique and striking case of evolutionary reversal in hominin body and brain size within an insular environment&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v534/n7606/full/nature17999.html#ref1&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-11&quot; title=&quot;Brown, P. et al. A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia. Nature 431, 1055–1061 (2004)&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v534/n7606/full/nature17999.html#ref2&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-12&quot; title=&quot;Kaifu, Y. et al. Craniofacial morphology of Homo floresiensis: description, taxonomic affinities, and evolutionary implication. J. Hum. Evol. 61, 644–682 (2011)&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v534/n7606/full/nature17999.html#ref3&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-13&quot; title=&quot;Kaifu, Y. et al. Unique dental morphology of Homo floresiensis and its evolutionary implications. PLoS ONE 10, e0141614 (2015)&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v534/n7606/full/nature17999.html#ref4&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-14&quot; title=&quot;Sutikna, T. et al. Revised stratigraphy and chronology for Homo floresiensis at Liang Bua in Indonesia. Nature 532, 366–369 (2016)&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. The alternative hypothesis is that &lt;i&gt;H. floresiensis&lt;/i&gt; derived from an older, smaller-brained member of our genus, such as &lt;i&gt;Homo habilis&lt;/i&gt;, or perhaps even late &lt;i&gt;Australopithecus&lt;/i&gt;, signalling a hitherto undocumented dispersal of hominins from Africa into eastern Asia by two million years ago (2 Ma)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v534/n7606/full/nature17999.html#ref5&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-15&quot; title=&quot;Morwood, M. J. &amp;amp; Jungers, W. L. Conclusions: implications of the Liang Bua excavations for hominin evolution and biogeography. J. Hum. Evol. 57, 640–648 (2009)&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v534/n7606/full/nature17999.html#ref6&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-16&quot; title=&quot;Brown, P. &amp;amp; Maeda, T. Liang Bua Homo floresiensis mandibles and mandibular teeth: a contribution to the comparative morphology of a new hominin species. J. Hum. Evol. 57, 571–596 (2009)&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. Here we describe hominin fossils excavated in 2014 from an early Middle Pleistocene site (Mata Menge) in the So’a Basin of central Flores. These specimens comprise a mandible fragment and six isolated teeth belonging to at least three small-jawed and small-toothed individuals. Dating to ~0.7 Ma, these fossils now constitute the oldest hominin remains from Flores&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v534/n7606/full/nature17999.html#ref7&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-17&quot; title=&quot;Brumm, A. et al. Age and context of the oldest known hominin fossils from Flores. Nature http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature17663 (2016)&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. The Mata Menge mandible and teeth are similar in dimensions and morphological characteristics to those of &lt;i&gt;H. floresiensis&lt;/i&gt; from Liang Bua. The exception is the mandibular first molar, which retains a more primitive condition. Notably, the Mata Menge mandible and molar are even smaller in size than those of the two existing &lt;i&gt;H. floresiensis&lt;/i&gt; individuals from Liang Bua. The Mata Menge fossils are derived compared with &lt;i&gt;Australopithecus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;H. habilis&lt;/i&gt;, and so tend to support the view that &lt;i&gt;H. floresiensis&lt;/i&gt; is a dwarfed descendent of early Asian &lt;i&gt;H. erectus&lt;/i&gt;. Our findings suggest that hominins on Flores had acquired extremely small body size and other morphological traits specific to &lt;i&gt;H. floresiensis&lt;/i&gt; at an unexpectedly early time.&lt;/p&gt;
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