<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tschudin, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Call, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dunbar, R I</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harris, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van der Elst, C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comprehension of signs by dolphins (Tursiops truncatus).</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Comp Psychol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Comp Psychol</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Behavior, Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dolphins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nonverbal Communication</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Practice (Psychology)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sign language</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001 Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">115</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">100-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The authors assessed the ability of 6 captive dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) to comprehend without explicit training 3 human communicative signs (pointing, directed gaze, and replica). Pointing consisted of indicating the target item with the index finger and a fully extended arm. Directed gaze consisted of orienting the head and eyes toward the target item while the rest of the body remained stationary. The replica signal consisted of holding up an exact duplicate of the target item. On the initial series of 12 trials for each condition, 3 dolphins performed above chance on pointing, 2 on gaze, and none for replica. With additional trials, above chance performance increased to 4 dolphins for pointing, 6 for gazing, and 2 for replica. The replica sign seemed to be the most taxing for them (only 2 dolphins achieved results significantly above chance). Taken together, these results indicate that dolphins are able to interpret untrained communicative signs successfully.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11334212?dopt=Abstract&lt;/p&gt;
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