<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young, Richard W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution of the human hand: the role of throwing and clubbing.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Anat</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Anat.</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adaptation, Physiological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hand</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hand Strength</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hominidae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paleontology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pan troglodytes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003 Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">202</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">165-74</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;It has been proposed that the hominid lineage began when a group of chimpanzee-like apes began to throw rocks and swing clubs at adversaries, and that this behaviour yielded reproductive advantages for millions of years, driving natural selection for improved throwing and clubbing prowess. This assertion leads to the prediction that the human hand should be adapted for throwing and clubbing, a topic that is explored in the following report. It is shown that the two fundamental human handgrips, first identified by J. R. Napier, and named by him the &#039;precision grip&#039; and &#039;power grip&#039;, represent a throwing grip and a clubbing grip, thereby providing an evolutionary explanation for the two unique grips, and the extensive anatomical remodelling of the hand that made them possible. These results are supported by palaeoanthropological evidence.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12587931?dopt=Abstract&lt;/p&gt;
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