<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nesse, R M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berridge, K C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychoactive drug use in evolutionary perspective.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Behavior, Addictive</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dopamine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emotions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental Disorders</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurotransmitter Agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychotropic drugs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Street Drugs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Substance-Related Disorders</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/1997</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">278</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63-6</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Pure psychoactive drugs and direct routes of administration are evolutionarily novel features of our environment. They are inherently pathogenic because they bypass adaptive information processing systems and act directly on ancient brain mechanisms that control emotion and behavior. Drugs that induce positive emotions give a false signal of a fitness benefit. This signal hijacks incentive mechanisms of &quot;liking&quot; and &quot;wanting,&quot; and can result in continued use of drugs that no longer bring pleasure. Drugs that block negative emotions can impair useful defenses, although there are several reasons why their use is often safe nonetheless. A deeper understanding of the evolutionary origins and functions of the emotions and their neural mechanisms is needed as a basis for decisions about the use of psychoactive drugs.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5335</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9311928?dopt=Abstract&lt;/p&gt;
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