<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stedman, Hansell H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kozyak, Benjamin W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, Anthony</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thesier, Danielle M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, Leonard T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, David W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bridges, Charles R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrager, Joseph B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minugh-Purvis, Nancy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitchell, Marilyn A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myosin gene mutation correlates with anatomical changes in the human lineage.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amino Acid Sequence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Base Sequence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computational Biology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dogs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution, Molecular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fossils</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frameshift Mutation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">History, Ancient</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hominidae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Macaca</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Masticatory Muscles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Sequence Data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myosin Heavy Chains</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myosins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pan troglodytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phylogeny</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pongo pygmaeus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skull</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004 Mar 25</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">428</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">415-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Powerful masticatory muscles are found in most primates, including chimpanzees and gorillas, and were part of a prominent adaptation of Australopithecus and Paranthropus, extinct genera of the family Hominidae. In contrast, masticatory muscles are considerably smaller in both modern and fossil members of Homo. The evolving hominid masticatory apparatus--traceable to a Late Miocene, chimpanzee-like morphology--shifted towards a pattern of gracilization nearly simultaneously with accelerated encephalization in early Homo. Here, we show that the gene encoding the predominant myosin heavy chain (MYH) expressed in these muscles was inactivated by a frameshifting mutation after the lineages leading to humans and chimpanzees diverged. Loss of this protein isoform is associated with marked size reductions in individual muscle fibres and entire masticatory muscles. Using the coding sequence for the myosin rod domains as a molecular clock, we estimate that this mutation appeared approximately 2.4 million years ago, predating the appearance of modern human body size and emigration of Homo from Africa. This represents the first proteomic distinction between humans and chimpanzees that can be correlated with a traceable anatomic imprint in the fossil record.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6981</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15042088?dopt=Abstract&lt;/p&gt;
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