<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maddux, Scott D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yokley, Todd R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svoma, Bohumil M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franciscus, Robert G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Absolute humidity and the human nose: A reanalysis of climate zones and their influence on nasal form and function</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Physical Anthropology</style></short-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climatic adaptation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecogeographic variation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nasal index</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Respiration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thermoregulation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.23032/full</style></url></web-urls></urls><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">n/a - n/a</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1096-8644</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Objectives: Investigations into the selective role of climate on human nasal variation commonly&lt;br /&gt;
divide climates into four broad adaptive zones (hot-dry, hot-wet, cold-dry, and cold-wet) based on&lt;br /&gt;
temperature and relative humidity. Yet, absolute humidity—not relative humidity—is physiologically&lt;br /&gt;
more important during respiration. Here, we investigate the global distribution of absolute humidity&lt;br /&gt;
to better clarify ecogeographic demands on nasal physiology.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Methods: We use monthly observations from the Climatic Research Unit Timeseries 3 (CRU TS3)&lt;br /&gt;
database to construct global maps of average annual temperature, relative humidity and absolute&lt;br /&gt;
humidity. Further, using data collected by Thomson and Buxton (1923) for over 15,000 globallydistributed&lt;br /&gt;
individuals, we calculate the actual amount of heat and water that must be transferred&lt;br /&gt;
to inspired air in different climatic regimes to maintain homeostasis, and investigate the influence&lt;br /&gt;
of these factors on the nasal index.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Results: Our results show that absolute humidity, like temperature, generally decreases with latitude.&lt;br /&gt;
Furthermore, our results demonstrate that environments typically characterized as “coldwet”&lt;br /&gt;
actually exhibit low absolute humidities, with values virtually identical to cold-dry environments&lt;br /&gt;
and significantly lower than hot-wet and even hot-dry environments. Our results also&lt;br /&gt;
indicate that strong associations between the nasal index and absolute humidity are, potentially&lt;br /&gt;
erroneously, predicated on individuals from hot-dry environments possessing intermediate (mesorrhine)&lt;br /&gt;
nasal indices.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Discussion: We suggest that differentially allocating populations to cold-dry or cold-wet climates&lt;br /&gt;
is unlikely to reflect different selective pressures on respiratory physiology and nasal morphology&lt;br /&gt;
—it is cold-dry, and to a lesser degree hot-dry environments, that stress respiratory function. Our&lt;br /&gt;
study also supports assertions that demands for inspiratory modification are reduced in hot-wet&lt;br /&gt;
environments, and that expiratory heat elimination for thermoregulation is a greater selective pressure&lt;br /&gt;
in such environments.&lt;/p&gt;
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