<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Weimin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Yingying</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learn, Gerald H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rudicell, Rebecca S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robertson, Joel D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keele, Brandon F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ndjango, Jean-Bosco N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sanz, Crickette M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morgan, David B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Locatelli, Sabrina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gonder, Mary K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kranzusch, Philip J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walsh, Peter D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Delaporte, Eric</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mpoudi-Ngole, Eitel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Georgiev, Alexander V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muller, Martin N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaw, George M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peeters, Martine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sharp, Paul M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rayner, Julian C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hahn, Beatrice H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Origin of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in gorillas</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010/09/23</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v467/n7314/full/nature09442.html</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">467</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">420 - 425</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-0836</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Plasmodium falciparum&lt;/i&gt; is the most prevalent and lethal of the malaria parasites infecting humans, yet the origin and evolutionary history of this important pathogen remain controversial. Here we develop a single-genome amplification strategy to identify and characterize &lt;i&gt;Plasmodium&lt;/i&gt; spp. DNA sequences in faecal samples from wild-living apes. Among nearly 3,000 specimens collected from field sites throughout central Africa, we found &lt;i&gt;Plasmodium&lt;/i&gt; infection in chimpanzees (&lt;i&gt;Pan troglodytes&lt;/i&gt;) and western gorillas (&lt;i&gt;Gorilla gorilla&lt;/i&gt;), but not in eastern gorillas (&lt;i&gt;Gorilla beringei&lt;/i&gt;) or bonobos (&lt;i&gt;Pan paniscus&lt;/i&gt;). Ape plasmodial infections were highly prevalent, widely distributed and almost always made up of mixed parasite species. Analysis of more than 1,100 mitochondrial, apicoplast and nuclear gene sequences from chimpanzees and gorillas revealed that 99% grouped within one of six host-specific lineages representing distinct &lt;i&gt;Plasmodium&lt;/i&gt; species within the subgenus &lt;i&gt;Laverania&lt;/i&gt;. One of these from western gorillas comprised parasites that were nearly identical to &lt;i&gt;P. falciparum&lt;/i&gt;. In phylogenetic analyses of full-length mitochondrial sequences, human &lt;i&gt;P. falciparum&lt;/i&gt; formed a monophyletic lineage within the gorilla parasite radiation. These findings indicate that &lt;i&gt;P. falciparum&lt;/i&gt; is of gorilla origin and not of chimpanzee, bonobo or ancient human origin.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7314</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;10.1038/nature09442&lt;/p&gt;
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