<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zupancich, Andrea</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nunziante-Cesaro, Stella</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blasco, Ruth</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosell, Jordi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cristiani, Emanuela</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venditti, Flavia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lemorini, Cristina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barkai, Ran</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gopher, Avi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early evidence of stone tool use in bone working activities at Qesem Cave, Israel</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scientific Reports</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016/11/25</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep37686</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37686 - </style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17px;&quot;&gt;For a long while, the controversy surrounding several bone tools coming from pre-Upper Palaeolithic contexts favoured the view of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17px;&quot;&gt;Homo sapiens&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;as the only species of the genus&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17px;&quot;&gt;Homo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;capable of modifying animal bones into specialised tools. However, evidence such as South African Early Stone Age modified bones, European Lower Palaeolithic flaked bone tools, along with Middle and Late Pleistocene bone retouchers, led to a re-evaluation of the conception of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17px;&quot;&gt;Homo sapiens&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;as the exclusive manufacturer of specialised bone tools. The evidence presented herein include use wear and bone residues identified on two flint scrapers as well as a sawing mark on a fallow deer tibia, not associated with butchering activities. Dated to more than 300 kya, the evidence here presented is among the earliest related to tool-assisted bone working intended for non-dietary purposes, and contributes to the debate over the recognition of bone working as a much older behaviour than previously thought. The results of this study come from the application of a combined methodological approach, comprising use wear analysis, residue analysis, and taphonomy. This approach allowed for the retrieval of both direct and indirect evidence of tool-assisted bone working, at the Lower Palaeolithic site of Qesem Cave (Israel).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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