<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weyrich, Laura S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duchene, Sebastian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soubrier, Julien</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arriola, Luis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Llamas, Bastien</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breen, James</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morris, Alan G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alt, Kurt W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caramelli, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dresely, Veit</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farrell, Milly</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farrer, Andrew G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Francken, Michael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gully, Neville</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haak, Wolfgang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardy, Karen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvati, Katerina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Held, Petra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holmes, Edward C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaidonis, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lalueza-Fox, Carles</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de la Rasilla, Marco</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosas, Antonio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Semal, Patrick</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soltysiak, Arkadiusz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Townsend, Grant</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Usai, Donatella</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wahl, Joachim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huson, Daniel H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dobney, Keith</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cooper, Alan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neanderthal behaviour, diet, and disease inferred from ancient DNA in dental calculus</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017/03/08</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature21674.html</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">advance online publication</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> - </style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1476-4687</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-size: 14.494999885559082px; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Recent genomic data have revealed multiple interactions between Neanderthals and modern humans&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;font-size: 12.320749282836914px; line-height: 0; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature21674.html#ref1&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-2&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; clear: both;&quot; title=&quot;Green, R. E. et al. A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science 328, 710–722 (2010)&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-size: 14.494999885559082px; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;, but there is currently little genetic evidence regarding Neanderthal behaviour, diet, or disease. Here we describe the shotgun-sequencing of ancient DNA from five specimens of Neanderthal calcified dental plaque (calculus) and the characterization of regional differences in Neanderthal ecology. At Spy cave, Belgium, Neanderthal diet was heavily meat based and included woolly rhinoceros and wild sheep (mouflon), characteristic of a steppe environment. In contrast, no meat was detected in the diet of Neanderthals from El Sidrón cave, Spain, and dietary components of mushrooms, pine nuts, and moss reflected forest gathering&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;font-size: 12.320749282836914px; line-height: 0; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature21674.html#ref2&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-3&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; clear: both;&quot; title=&quot;Fiorenza, L. et al. Molar macrowear reveals Neanderthal eco-geographic dietary variation. PLoS One 6, e14769 (2011)&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature21674.html#ref3&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-4&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; clear: both;&quot; title=&quot;El Zaatari, S., Grine, F. E., Ungar, P. S. &amp;amp; Hublin, J.-J. Neandertal versus modern human dietary responses to climatic fluctuations. PLoS One 11, e0153277 (2016)&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-size: 14.494999885559082px; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;. Differences in diet were also linked to an overall shift in the oral bacterial community (microbiota) and suggested that meat consumption contributed to substantial variation within Neanderthal microbiota. Evidence for self-medication was detected in an El Sidrón Neanderthal with a dental abscess&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;font-size: 12.320749282836914px; line-height: 0; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature21674.html#ref4&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-5&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; clear: both;&quot; title=&quot;Rosas, A. et al. Paleobiology and comparative morphology of a late Neandertal sample from El Sidron, Asturias, Spain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 19266–19271 (2006)&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-size: 14.494999885559082px; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;and a chronic gastrointestinal pathogen (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-size: 14.494999885559082px; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Enterocytozoon bieneusi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-size: 14.494999885559082px; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;). Metagenomic data from this individual also contained a nearly complete genome of the archaeal commensal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-size: 14.494999885559082px; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Methanobrevibacter oralis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-size: 14.494999885559082px; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;(10.2× depth of coverage)—the oldest draft microbial genome generated to date, at around 48,000 years old. DNA preserved within dental calculus represents a notable source of information about the behaviour and health of ancient hominin specimens, as well as a unique system that is useful for the study of long-term microbial evolution.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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