<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holen, Steven R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deméré, Thomas A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fisher, Daniel C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fullagar, Richard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paces, James B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jefferson, George T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beeton, Jared M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerutti, Richard A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rountrey, Adam N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vescera, Lawrence</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holen, Kathleen A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A 130,000-year-old archaeological site in southern California, USA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017/04/27/print</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v544/n7651/full/nature22065.html</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">544</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">479 - 483</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-0836</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-size: 14.494999885559082px; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;The earliest dispersal of humans into North America is a contentious subject, and proposed early sites are required to meet the following criteria for acceptance: (1) archaeological evidence is found in a clearly defined and undisturbed geologic context; (2) age is determined by reliable radiometric dating; (3) multiple lines of evidence from interdisciplinary studies provide consistent results; and (4) unquestionable artefacts are found in primary context&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;font-size: 12.320749282836914px; line-height: 0; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v544/n7651/full/nature22065.html#ref1&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-2&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; clear: both;&quot; title=&quot;Haynes, C. V. Jr. The earliest Americans. Science 166, 709–715 (1969)&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v544/n7651/full/nature22065.html#ref2&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-3&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; clear: both;&quot; title=&quot;Stanford, D. J. in Early Man in the New World (ed. Shutler, R. Jr) 65–72 (Sage Publications, 1983)&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-size: 14.494999885559082px; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;. Here we describe the Cerutti Mastodon (CM) site, an archaeological site from the early late Pleistocene epoch, where&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-size: 14.494999885559082px; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;in situ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-size: 14.494999885559082px; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;hammerstones and stone anvils occur in spatio-temporal association with fragmentary remains of a single mastodon (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-size: 14.494999885559082px; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Mammut americanum&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-size: 14.494999885559082px; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;). The CM site contains spiral-fractured bone and molar fragments, indicating that breakage occured while fresh. Several of these fragments also preserve evidence of percussion. The occurrence and distribution of bone, molar and stone refits suggest that breakage occurred at the site of burial. Five large cobbles (hammerstones and anvils) in the CM bone bed display use-wear and impact marks, and are hydraulically anomalous relative to the low-energy context of the enclosing sandy silt stratum.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;font-size: 12.320749282836914px; line-height: 0; margin-left: 0.15em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;230&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-size: 14.494999885559082px; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Th/U radiometric analysis of multiple bone specimens using diffusion–adsorption–decay dating models indicates a burial date of 130.7 ± 9.4 thousand years ago. These findings confirm the presence of an unidentified species of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-size: 14.494999885559082px; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Homo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-size: 14.494999885559082px; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;at the CM site during the last interglacial period (MIS 5e; early late Pleistocene), indicating that humans with manual dexterity and the experiential knowledge to use hammerstones and anvils processed mastodon limb bones for marrow extraction and/or raw material for tool production. Systematic proboscidean bone reduction, evident at the CM site, fits within a broader pattern of Palaeolithic bone percussion technology in Africa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;font-size: 12.320749282836914px; line-height: 0; margin-left: 0.15em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v544/n7651/full/nature22065.html#ref3&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-4&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; clear: both;&quot; title=&quot;de Heinzelin, J. et al. Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids. Science 284, 625–629 (1999)&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v544/n7651/full/nature22065.html#ref4&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-5&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; clear: both;&quot; title=&quot;Leakey, M. D. Olduvai Gorge. Vol. 3. Excavations in Beds I and II 1960–1963 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1971)&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v544/n7651/full/nature22065.html#ref5&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-6&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; clear: both;&quot; title=&quot;Backwell, L. R. &amp;amp; d’Errico, F. The first use of bone tools: a reappraisal of the evidence from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Palaeont. Afr. 40, 95–158 (2004)&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v544/n7651/full/nature22065.html#ref6&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-7&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; clear: both;&quot; title=&quot;Domínguez-Rodrigo, M. et al. On meat eating and human evolution: a taphonomic analysis of BK4b (Upper Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania), and its bearing on hominin megafaunal consumption. Quat. Int. 322–323, 129–152 (2014)&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-size: 14.494999885559082px; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;, Eurasia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;font-size: 12.320749282836914px; line-height: 0; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v544/n7651/full/nature22065.html#ref7&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-8&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; clear: both;&quot; title=&quot;Zutovski, K. &amp;amp; Barkai, R. The use of elephant bones for making Acheulian handaxes: a fresh look at old bones. Quat. 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Res. 29, 89–103 (1990)&quot;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-size: 14.494999885559082px; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;and North America&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;font-size: 12.320749282836914px; line-height: 0; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v544/n7651/full/nature22065.html#ref10&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-11&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; clear: both;&quot; title=&quot;Hannus, L. A. in Megafauna and Man: Discovery of America’s Heartland (eds Agenbroad, L., Mead, J. &amp;amp; Nelson, L.) 86–99 (Scientific Papers 1 Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, 1990)&quot;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v544/n7651/full/nature22065.html#ref11&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-12&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; clear: both;&quot; title=&quot;Johnson, E. Mammoth bone quarrying on the late Wisconsinan North American grasslands. in The World of Elephants 439–443 (2001)&quot;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v544/n7651/full/nature22065.html#ref12&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-13&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(92, 121, 150); text-decoration: none; clear: both;&quot; title=&quot;Fisher, D. Mastodon butchery by North American Paleo-Indians. Nature 308, 271–272 (1984)&quot;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-size: 14.494999885559082px; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;. The CM site is, to our knowledge, the oldest&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-size: 14.494999885559082px; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;in situ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-size: 14.494999885559082px; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;, well-documented archaeological site in North America and, as such, substantially revises the timing of arrival of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-size: 14.494999885559082px; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Homo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, &#039;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&#039;, &#039;ＭＳ ゴシック&#039;, Osaka, &#039;MS PGothic&#039;, sans-serif; font-size: 14.494999885559082px; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;into the Americas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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