<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gregory, Michael D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kippenhan, J. Shane</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eisenberg, Daniel P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kohn, Philip D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dickinson, Dwight</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mattay, Venkata S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Qiang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weinberger, Daniel R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saad, Ziad S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berman, Karen F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neanderthal-Derived Genetic Variation Shapes Modern Human Cranium and Brain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature Scientific Reports</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scientific Reports</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017/07/24</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-06587-0</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6308</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2045-2322</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Before their disappearance from the fossil record approximately 40,000 years ago, Neanderthals, the ancient hominin lineage most closely related to modern humans, interbred with ancestors of present-day humans. The legacy of this gene flow persists through Neanderthal-derived variants that survive in modern human DNA; however, the neural implications of this inheritance are uncertain. Here, using MRI in a large cohort of healthy individuals of European-descent, we show that the amount of Neanderthal-originating polymorphism carried in living humans is related to cranial and brain morphology. First, as a validation of our approach, we demonstrate that a greater load of Neanderthal-derived genetic variants (higher “NeanderScore”) is associated with skull shapes resembling those of known Neanderthal cranial remains, particularly in occipital and parietal bones. Next, we demonstrate convergent NeanderScore-related findings in the brain (measured by gray- and white-matter volume, sulcal depth, and gyrification index) that localize to the visual cortex and intraparietal sulcus. This work provides insights into ancestral human neurobiology and suggests that Neanderthal-derived genetic variation is neurologically functional in the contemporary population.&lt;/p&gt;
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