<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potter, Ben A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vinner, Lasse</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steinrücken, Matthias</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rasmussen, Simon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terhorst, Jonathan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kamm, John A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Albrechtsen, Anders</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sikora, Martin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reuther, Joshua D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irish, Joel D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malhi, Ripan S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orlando, Ludovic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Song, Yun S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nielsen, Rasmus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meltzer, David J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Willerslev, Eske</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ancient DNA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beringia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">East Asians</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land Bridge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Migration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Native Americans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">North Eurasians</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25173</style></url></web-urls></urls><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> - </style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;Despite broad agreement that the Americas were initially populated via Beringia, the land bridge that connected far northeast Asia with northwestern North America during the Pleistocene epoch, when and how the peopling of the Americas occurred remains &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;unresolved&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.75px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25173#ref1&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-abstract-1&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;Reich, D. et al. Reconstructing Native American population history. Nature 488, 370–374 (2012)&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.75px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25173#ref2&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-abstract-2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;Raghavan, M. et al. Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans. Science 349, aab3884 (2015)&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25173#ref3&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-abstract-3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;Skoglund, P. et al. Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas. Nature 525, 104–108 (2015)&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25173#ref4&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-abstract-4&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;von Cramon-Taubadel, N., Strauss, A. &amp;amp; Hubbe, M. Evolutionary population history of early Paleoamerican cranial morphology. Sci. Adv. 3, e1602289 (2017)&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25173#ref5&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-abstract-5&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;Hoffecker, J. F., Elias, S. A., O’Rourke, D. H., Scott, G. R. &amp;amp; Bigelow, N. H. Beringia and the global dispersal of modern humans. Evol. Anthropol. 25, 64–78 (2016)&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;. Analyses of human remains from Late Pleistocene Alaska are important to resolving the timing and dispersal of these populations. The remains of two infants were recovered at Upward Sun River (USR), and have been dated to around 11.5 thousand years ago (ka)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.75px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25173#ref6&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-abstract-6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;Potter, B. A., Irish, J. D., Reuther, J. D. &amp;amp; McKinney, H. J. New insights into Eastern Beringian mortuary behavior: a terminal Pleistocene double infant burial at Upward Sun River. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 17060–17065 (2014)&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;. Here, by sequencing the USR1 genome to an average coverage of approximately 17 times, we show that USR1 is most closely related to Native Americans, but falls basal to all previously sequenced contemporary and ancient Native &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;Americans&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.75px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25173#ref1&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-abstract-7&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;Reich, D. et al. Reconstructing Native American population history. Nature 488, 370–374 (2012)&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.75px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25173#ref7&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-abstract-8&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;Rasmussen, M. et al. The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana. Nature 506, 225–229 (2014)&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25173#ref8&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-abstract-9&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;Raghavan, M. et al. Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans. Nature 505, 87–91 (2014)&quot;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;. As such, USR1 represents a distinct Ancient Beringian population. Using demographic modelling, we infer that the Ancient Beringian population and ancestors of other Native Americans descended from a single founding population that initially split from East Asians around 36 ± 1.5 ka, with gene flow persisting until around 25 ± 1.1 ka. Gene flow from ancient north Eurasians into all Native Americans took place 25–20 ka, with Ancient Beringians branching off around 22–18.1 ka. Our findings support a long-term genetic structure in ancestral Native Americans, consistent with the Beringian ‘standstill model’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.75px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25173#ref9&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-abstract-10&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;Tamm, E. et al. Beringian standstill and spread of Native American founders. PLoS One 2, e829 (2007)&quot;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;. We show that the basal northern and southern Native American branches, to which all other Native Americans belong, diverged around 17.5–14.6 ka, and that this probably occurred south of the North American ice sheets. We also show that after 11.5 ka, some of the northern Native American populations received gene flow from a Siberian population most closely related to Koryaks, but not &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;Palaeo-Eskimos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.75px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25173#ref1&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-abstract-11&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;Reich, D. et al. Reconstructing Native American population history. Nature 488, 370–374 (2012)&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;, Inuits or &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;Kets&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.75px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25173#ref10&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-abstract-12&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;Flegontov, P. et al. Na-Dene populations descend from the Paleo-Eskimo migration into America. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1101/074476 (2016)&quot;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;, and that Native American gene flow into Inuits was through northern and not southern Native American &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;groups&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.75px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25173#ref1&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-abstract-13&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;Reich, D. et al. Reconstructing Native American population history. Nature 488, 370–374 (2012)&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;. Our findings further suggest that the far-northern North American presence of northern Native Americans is from a back migration that replaced or absorbed the initial founding population of Ancient Beringians.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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