<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cela-Conde, CJ</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayala, FJ</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Advent of Biological Evolution and Humankind: Chance or Necessity?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">On Human Nature: Biology, Psychology, Ethics, Politics, and Religion</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124201903000016</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Academic Press</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-15</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">978-0-12-420190-3</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p id=&quot;abspara0010&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 9px; padding-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, &amp;quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;, STIXGeneral, &amp;quot;Cambria Math&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Arial Unicode MS&amp;quot;, sans-serif; word-spacing: -0.15ex; color: rgb(46, 46, 46);&quot;&gt;The human lineage appeared around 7&amp;nbsp;Ma (mega-annum, million years before present) as the sister group of chimpanzees, our closest relatives. Thus, humans and chimpanzees are very similar, genetically speaking, though they differ in many conspicuous phenotypic, functional, and adaptive traits.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id=&quot;abspara0015&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 9px; padding-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, &amp;quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;, STIXGeneral, &amp;quot;Cambria Math&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Arial Unicode MS&amp;quot;, sans-serif; word-spacing: -0.15ex; color: rgb(46, 46, 46);&quot;&gt;What was the&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;cause&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;of the appearance of humanity? Is it related to hazardous episodes? Or, is it the result of a necessity due to the fact that our nature endows a somehow adaptive superior capacity that justifies the human prevalence among all primates?&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id=&quot;abspara0020&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 9px; padding-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, &amp;quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;, STIXGeneral, &amp;quot;Cambria Math&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Arial Unicode MS&amp;quot;, sans-serif; word-spacing: -0.15ex; color: rgb(46, 46, 46);&quot;&gt;In this chapter we examine the components of chance and necessity in biological evolution. We will present the distinctive features of the human lineage and discuss to what extent the synapomorphic trait shared by the whole lineage of humans—bipedalism—can be considered a product of adaptive selection or random events. Finally, we introduce the current possibilities of analysis to characterize the origin of the derived features of&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Homo sapiens&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
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