<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Akhilesh, Kumar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pappu, Shanti</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rajapara, Haresh M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gunnell, Yanni</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shukla, Anil D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Singhvi, Ashok K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early Middle Palaeolithic culture in India around 385–172 ka reframes Out of Africa models</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29388951</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">554</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97-101</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;Luminescence dating at the stratified prehistoric site of Attirampakkam, India, has shown that processes signifying the end of the Acheulian culture and the emergence of a Middle Palaeolithic culture occurred at 385 ± 64 thousand years ago (ka), much earlier than conventionally presumed for South &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;Asia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.75px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a aria-label=&quot;Reference 1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/articles/nature25444#ref1&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-abstract-1&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;Singhvi, A. K. et al. A ~200 ka record of climatic change and dune activity in the Thar Desert, India. Quat. Sci. Rev. 29, 3095–3105 (2010)&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;. The Middle Palaeolithic continued at Attirampakkam until 172 ± 41 ka. Chronologies of Middle Palaeolithic technologies in regions distant from Africa and Europe are crucial for testing theories about the origins and early evolution of these cultures, and for understanding their association with modern humans or archaic hominins, their links with preceding Acheulian cultures and the spread of Levallois lithic &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;technologies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.75px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a aria-label=&quot;Reference 2&quot; href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/articles/nature25444#ref2&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-abstract-2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;Richter, D. et al. The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age. Nature 546, 293–296 (2017)&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.75px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;,&lt;a aria-label=&quot;Reference 3&quot; href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/articles/nature25444#ref3&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-abstract-3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;Tryon, C. A. ‘Early’ Middle Stone Age lithics of the Kapthurin Formation (Kenya). Curr. Anthropol. 47, 367–375 (2006)&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-label=&quot;Reference 4&quot; href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/articles/nature25444#ref4&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-abstract-4&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;Tryon, C. A. The Acheulian to Middle Stone Age Transition: Tephrostratigraphic Context for Archaeological Change in the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya (Univ. Connecticut Press, 2003)&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-label=&quot;Reference 5&quot; href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/articles/nature25444#ref5&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-abstract-5&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;Sahle, Y., Morgan, L. E., Braun, D. R., Atnafu, B. &amp;amp; Hutchings, W. K. Chronological and behavioral contexts of the earliest Middle Stone Age in the Gademotta Formation, Main Ethiopian Rift. Quat. Int. 331, 6–19 (2014)&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-label=&quot;Reference 6&quot; href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/articles/nature25444#ref6&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-abstract-6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;Porat, N. et al. New radiometric ages for the Fauresmith industry from Kathu Pan, southern Africa: implications for the Earlier to Middle Stone Age transition. J. Archaeol. 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The geographic location of India and its rich Middle Palaeolithic record are ideally suited to addressing these issues, but progress has been limited by the paucity of excavated sites and hominin fossils as well as by geochronological &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;constraints&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.75px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a aria-label=&quot;Reference 1&quot; href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/articles/nature25444#ref1&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-abstract-21&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;Singhvi, A. K. et al. A ~200 ka record of climatic change and dune activity in the Thar Desert, India. Quat. Sci. Rev. 29, 3095–3105 (2010)&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.75px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;,&lt;a aria-label=&quot;Reference 8&quot; href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/articles/nature25444#ref8&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-abstract-22&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;James, H. V. A. &amp;amp; Petraglia, M. D. Modern human origins and the evolution of behavior in the Late Pleistocene record of South Asia. Curr. Anthropol. 46, S3–S27 (2005)&quot;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;. At Attirampakkam, the gradual disuse of bifaces, the predominance of small tools, the appearance of distinctive and diverse Levallois flake and point strategies, and the blade component all highlight a notable shift away from the preceding Acheulian large-flake &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;technologies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.75px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a aria-label=&quot;Reference 9&quot; href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/articles/nature25444#ref9&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-abstract-23&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;Sharon, G. Acheulian Large Flake Industries: Technology, Chronology, and Significance (Archaeopress, 2007)&quot;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;. These findings document a process of substantial behavioural change that occurred in India at 385 ± 64 ka and establish its contemporaneity with similar processes recorded in Africa and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;Europe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.75px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a aria-label=&quot;Reference 2&quot; href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/articles/nature25444#ref2&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-abstract-24&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;Richter, D. et al. The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age. Nature 546, 293–296 (2017)&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.75px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; letter-spacing: 0.17000000178813934px;&quot;&gt;,&lt;a aria-label=&quot;Reference 3&quot; href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/articles/nature25444#ref3&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-abstract-25&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;Tryon, C. A. ‘Early’ Middle Stone Age lithics of the Kapthurin Formation (Kenya). Curr. 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