<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Du, Andrew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zipkin, Andrew M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hatala, Kevin G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renner, Elizabeth</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baker, Jennifer L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bianchi, Serena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bernal, Kallista H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood, Bernard A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pattern and process in hominin brain size evolution are scale-dependent</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc Biol Sci</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">02/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/285/1873/20172738.abstract</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">285</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;A large brain is a defining feature of modern humans, yet there is no consensus regarding the patterns, rates and processes involved in hominin brain size evolution. We use a reliable proxy for brain size in fossils, endocranial volume (ECV), to better understand how brain size evolved at both clade- and lineage-level scales. For the hominin clade overall, the dominant signal is consistent with a gradual increase in brain size. This gradual trend appears to have been generated primarily by processes operating within hypothesized lineages—64% or 88% depending on whether one uses a more or less speciose taxonomy, respectively. These processes were supplemented by the appearance in the fossil record of larger-brained Homo species and the subsequent disappearance of smaller-brained Australopithecus and Paranthropus taxa. When the estimated rate of within-lineage ECV increase is compared to an exponential model that operationalizes generation-scale evolutionary processes, it suggests that the observed data were the result of episodes of directional selection interspersed with periods of stasis and/or drift; all of this occurs on too fine a timescale to be resolved by the current human fossil record, thus producing apparent gradual trends within lineages. Our findings provide a quantitative basis for developing and testing scale-explicit hypotheses about the factors that led brain size to increase during hominin evolution.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1873</style></issue></record></records></xml>