<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Galili, Uri</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution in primates by “Catastrophic-selection” interplay between enveloped virus epidemics, mutated genes of enzymes synthesizing carbohydrate antigens, and natural anti-carbohydrate antibodies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Physical Anthropology</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Physical Anthropology</style></short-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">anti-Gal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">anti-Neu5Gc</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">blood group Bombay</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neu5Gc</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">α-Gal epitope</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018/12/21</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ajpa.23745</style></url></web-urls></urls><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0002-9483</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&quot;Catastrophic-selection&quot; is an evolutionary mechanism, by which entire parental-populations are eliminated but very few mutated offspring survive and replace extinct parental-populations. The human natural anti-carbohydrate antibodies, anti-Gal and anti-Neu5Gc suggest the occurrence of catastrophic-selection events in primate evolution. Parental-populations synthesizing corresponding carbohydrate-antigens underwent extinction in viral epidemics, and few offspring survived. These offspring carried accidental mutations that inactivated carbohydrate-antigen synthesis and produced natural-antibody against the lost antigen. Such natural anti-carbohydrate antibody was produced against environmental carbohydrate-antigens (e.g., gastrointestinal bacteria). The carbohydrate-antigen in infected parental-populations was also synthesized on viruses by the host glycosylation-machinery. The natural-antibody in the offspring bound to the carbohydrate-antigen on infecting viruses produced in parental-populations, destroyed the viruses and protected these offspring from extinction. This process occurred in ancestral Old-World monkeys and apes synthesizing α-gal epitopes, which were replaced 20?30 million-years-ago by offspring lacking α-gal epitopes and producing natural anti-Gal antibody against this antigen, and later in hominins synthesizing the sialic-acid antigen Neu5Gc, which were replaced by offspring lacking Neu5Gc and producing anti-Neu5Gc antibody. A present-day example for accidental mutations in very few humans that lost a common carbohydrate-antigen and produce a natural antibody against it is the rare blood-group ?Bombay? individuals. These individuals lack the H-antigen (blood-group O) which is synthesized in all other humans, and produce the natural anti-H antibody against blood-group O. Overall, it is suggested that natural anti-carbohydrate antibodies played a critical role in preventing complete extinction of mammalian species in epidemics of highly virulent viruses and may have similar role in future events.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;doi: 10.1002/ajpa.23745&lt;/p&gt;
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