<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vangenot, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gagneux, P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Groot, NG</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baumeyer, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouterde, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crouau-Roy, B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Darlu, P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sanchez-Mazas, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sabbagh, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Poloni, ES</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans and Chimpanzees Display Opposite Patterns of Diversity in Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase Genes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">G3 (Bethesda)</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.g3journal.org/content/9/7/2199</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2199-2224</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2160-1836</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px;&quot;&gt;Among the many genes involved in the metabolism of therapeutic drugs, human arylamine&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px; font-style: italic; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51);&quot;&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px;&quot;&gt;-acetyltransferases&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px;&quot;&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px; font-style: italic; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51);&quot;&gt;NATs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px;&quot;&gt;) genes have been extensively studied, due to their medical importance both in pharmacogenetics and disease epidemiology. One member of this small gene family,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px; font-style: italic; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51);&quot;&gt;NAT2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px;&quot;&gt;, is established as the locus of the classic human acetylation polymorphism in drug metabolism. Current hypotheses hold that selective processes favoring haplotypes conferring lower&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px; font-style: italic; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51);&quot;&gt;NAT2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;activity have been operating in modern humans’ recent history as an adaptation to local chemical and dietary environments. To shed new light on such hypotheses, we investigated the genetic diversity of the three members of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px; font-style: italic; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51);&quot;&gt;NAT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;gene family in seven hominid species, including modern humans, Neanderthals and Denisovans. Little polymorphism sharing was found among hominids, yet all species displayed high&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px; font-style: italic; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51);&quot;&gt;NAT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;diversity, but distributed in an opposite fashion in chimpanzees and bonobos (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px; font-style: italic; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51);&quot;&gt;Pan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;genus) compared to modern humans, with higher diversity in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px; font-style: italic; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51);&quot;&gt;Pan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;species at&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px; font-style: italic; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51);&quot;&gt;NAT1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;and lower at&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px; font-style: italic; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51);&quot;&gt;NAT2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px;&quot;&gt;, while the reverse is observed in humans. This pattern was also reflected in the results returned by selective neutrality tests, which suggest, in agreement with the predicted functional impact of mutations detected in non-human primates, stronger directional selection, presumably purifying selection, at&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px; font-style: italic; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51);&quot;&gt;NAT1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;in modern humans, and at&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px; font-style: italic; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51);&quot;&gt;NAT2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16.00200080871582px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;in chimpanzees. Overall, the results point to the evolution of divergent functions of these highly homologous genes in the different primate species, possibly related to their specific chemical/dietary environment (exposome) and we hypothesize that this is likely linked to the emergence of controlled fire use in the human lineage.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31068377</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Features Pascal&#039;s image on the cover&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Genetics and Evolution, Anthropology Unit, University of Geneva, Switzerland. Departments of Pathology and Anthropology, CARTA (Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny), University of California San Diego, La Jolla. Department of Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, the Netherlands. Zoologischer Garten Basel AG, Basel, Switzerland. Department of Genetics and Evolution, Anthropology Unit, University of Geneva, Switzerland. CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 UPS, ENFA, UMR 5174, Toulouse, France. CNRS/Muséum National d&#039;Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7206 Paris, France. Department of Genetics and Evolution, Anthropology Unit, University of Geneva, Switzerland. Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGE3), Switzerland. UMR 216 MERIT, IRD, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. Department of Genetics and Evolution, Anthropology Unit, University of Geneva, Switzerland estella.poloni@unige.ch christelle.vangenot@unige.ch. Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGE3), Switzerland.</style></auth-address></record></records></xml>