<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petr, Martin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hajdinjak, Mateja</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fu, Qiaomei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Essel, Elena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rougier, Hélène</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crevecoeur, Isabelle</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Semal, Patrick</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Golovanova, Liubov V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Doronichev, Vladimir B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lalueza-Fox, Carles</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de la Rasilla, Marco</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosas, Antonio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shunkov, Michael V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kozlikin, Maxim B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Derevianko, Anatoli P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vernot, Benjamin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meyer, Matthias</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelso, Janet</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The evolutionary history of Neanderthal and Denisovan Y chromosomes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020/09/25</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6511/1653</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">369</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1653</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The genomes of archaic hominins have been sequenced and compared with that of modern humans. However, most archaic individuals with high-quality sequences available have been female. Petr et al. performed targeted sequencing of the paternally inherited Y chromosomes from three Neanderthals and two Denisovans (see the Perspective by Schierup). Comparisons with available archaic and diverse modern human Y chromosomes indicated that, similar to the maternally inherited mitochondria, the human and Neanderthal Y chromosomes were more closely related to each other compared with the Denisovan Y chromosome. This result supports the conclusion that interbreeding between early humans and Neanderthals and selection replaced the more ancient Denisovian-like Y chromosome and mitochondria in Neanderthals.Science, this issue p. 1653; see also p. 1565Ancient DNA has provided new insights into many aspects of human history. However, we lack comprehensive studies of the Y chromosomes of Denisovans and Neanderthals because the majority of specimens that have been sequenced to sufficient coverage are female. Sequencing Y chromosomes from two Denisovans and three Neanderthals shows that the Y chromosomes of Denisovans split around 700 thousand years ago from a lineage shared by Neanderthals and modern human Y chromosomes, which diverged from each other around 370 thousand years ago. The phylogenetic relationships of archaic and modern human Y chromosomes differ from the population relationships inferred from the autosomal genomes and mirror mitochondrial DNA phylogenies, indicating replacement of both the mitochondrial and Y chromosomal gene pools in late Neanderthals. This replacement is plausible if the low effective population size of Neanderthals resulted in an increased genetic load in Neanderthals relative to modern humans.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6511</style></issue></record></records></xml>