<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saha, Sudeshna</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khan, Naazneen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comi, Troy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verhagen, Andrea</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sasmal, Aniruddha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diaz, Sandra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Hai</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Xi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Akey, Joshua M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frank, Martin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gagneux, Pascal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Varki, Ajit</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution of Human-Specific Alleles Protecting Cognitive Function of Grandmothers.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mol Biol Evol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mol Biol Evol</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alleles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amino Acids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cognition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grandparents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hominidae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022 Aug 03</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The myelomonocytic receptor CD33 (Siglec-3) inhibits innate immune reactivity by extracellular V-set domain recognition of sialic acid (Sia)-containing &quot;self-associated molecular patterns&quot; (SAMPs). We earlier showed that V-set domain-deficient CD33-variant allele, protective against late-onset Alzheimer&#039;s Disease (LOAD), is derived and specific to the hominin lineage. We now report multiple hominin-specific CD33 V-set domain mutations. Due to hominin-specific, fixed loss-of-function mutation in the CMAH gene, humans lack N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), the preferred Sia-ligand of ancestral CD33. Mutational analysis and molecular dynamics (MD)-simulations indicate that fixed change in amino acid 21 of hominin V-set domain and conformational changes related to His45 corrected for Neu5Gc-loss by switching to N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac)-recognition. We show that human-specific pathogens Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Group B Streptococcus selectively bind human CD33 (huCD33) as part of immune-evasive molecular mimicry of host SAMPs and that this binding is significantly impacted by amino acid 21 modification. In addition to LOAD-protective CD33 alleles, humans harbor derived, population-universal, cognition-protective variants at several other loci. Interestingly, 11 of 13 SNPs in these human genes (including CD33) are not shared by genomes of archaic hominins: Neanderthals and Denisovans. We present a plausible evolutionary scenario to compile, correlate, and comprehend existing knowledge about huCD33-evolution and suggest that grandmothering emerged in humans.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35809046?dopt=Abstract&lt;/p&gt;
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