<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Koops, Kathelijne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soumah, Aly Gaspard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van Leeuwen, Kelly L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Camara, Henry Didier</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matsuzawa, Tetsuro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field experiments find no evidence that chimpanzee nut cracking can be independently innovated.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nat Hum Behav</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nat Hum Behav</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feeding Behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pan troglodytes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022 Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">487-494</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Cumulative culture has been claimed a hallmark of human evolution. Yet, the uniqueness of human culture is heavily debated. The zone of latent solutions hypothesis states that only humans have cultural forms that require form-copying social learning and are culture-dependent. Non-human ape cultural behaviours are considered &#039;latent solutions&#039;, which can be independently (re-)innovated. Others claim that chimpanzees, like humans, have cumulative culture. Here, we use field experiments at Seringbara (Nimba Mountains, Guinea) to test whether chimpanzee nut cracking can be individually (re-)innovated. We provided: (1) palm nuts and stones, (2) palm fruit bunch, (3) cracked palm nuts and (4) Coula nuts and stones. Chimpanzee parties visited (n = 35) and explored (n = 11) the experiments but no nut cracking occurred. In these experiments, chimpanzees did not individually (re-)innovate nut cracking under ecologically valid conditions. Our null results are consistent with the hypothesis that chimpanzee nut cracking is a product of social learning.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35075258?dopt=Abstract&lt;/p&gt;
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