<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gilbert, Pupa U. P. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green, Daniel R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahoney, Patrick</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guatelli-Steinberg, Debbie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scott McGraw, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lagan, Emma</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manthi, Fredrick Kyalo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muteti, Samuel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ndiema, Emmanuel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramirez Rozzi, Fernando</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stifler, Cayla A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmidt, Connor A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Achinuq, Barat Q.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scholl, Andreas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gilbert, Benjamin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O’Hara, Mackie C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Enamel nanocrystal misorientation increased with meat-eating and agriculture</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026/06/03</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10583-8</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">654</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76-84</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-08361476-4687</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;meta charset=&quot;UTF-8&quot; /&gt;Enamel covers teeth, is the hardest tissue in the vertebrate body and has a complex multiscale structure from nanometres to millimetres&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a aria-label=&quot;Reference 1&quot; data-test=&quot;citation-ref&quot; data-track=&quot;click&quot; data-track-action=&quot;reference anchor&quot; data-track-label=&quot;link&quot; href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10583-8#ref-CR1&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-section-d75531762e830&quot; title=&quot;Yeom, B. et al. Abiotic tooth enamel. Nature 543, 95–98 (2017).&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. The structure comprises thin, long hydroxyapatite (Ca&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;(PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OH) nanocrystals&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a aria-label=&quot;Reference 2&quot; data-test=&quot;citation-ref&quot; data-track=&quot;click&quot; data-track-action=&quot;reference anchor&quot; data-track-label=&quot;link&quot; href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10583-8#ref-CR2&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-section-d75531762e840&quot; title=&quot;DeRocher, K. A. et al. Chemical gradients in human enamel crystallites. Nature 583, 66–71 (2020).&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, 50&amp;ndash;70&amp;nbsp;nm&amp;nbsp;wide, many micrometres long, parallel and bundled into approximately 5-&amp;micro;m-wide rods. The rods undulate and cross into a microscale &amp;lsquo;decussation pattern&amp;rsquo; that toughens enamel by deflecting cracks&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a aria-label=&quot;Reference 3&quot; data-test=&quot;citation-ref&quot; data-track=&quot;click&quot; data-track-action=&quot;reference anchor&quot; data-track-label=&quot;link&quot; href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10583-8#ref-CR3&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-section-d75531762e845&quot; title=&quot;Bajaj, D. &amp;amp; Arola, D. Role of prism decussation on fatigue crack growth and fracture of human enamel. Acta Biomater. 5, 3045–3056 (2009).&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-label=&quot;Reference 4&quot; data-test=&quot;citation-ref&quot; data-track=&quot;click&quot; data-track-action=&quot;reference anchor&quot; data-track-label=&quot;link&quot; href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10583-8#ref-CR4&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-section-d75531762e848&quot; title=&quot;Chai, H., Lee, J. J.-W., Constantino, P. J., Lucas, P. W. &amp;amp; Lawn, B. R. Remarkable resilience of teeth. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 7289–7293 (2009).&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. However, the crystallographic orientation of enamel nanocrystals is poorly understood. Here we show that the misorientation angle of adjacent nanocrystals varies markedly across 12 primate teeth spanning 9 species, 17.8&amp;thinsp;million years of evolution and diverse diets. Using a method called Polarization Enabled Large Input of Crystal Angles at the Nanoscale (PELICAN)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a aria-label=&quot;Reference 5&quot; data-test=&quot;citation-ref&quot; data-track=&quot;click&quot; data-track-action=&quot;reference anchor&quot; data-track-label=&quot;link&quot; href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10583-8#ref-CR5&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-section-d75531762e852&quot; title=&quot;Gilbert, B. &amp;amp; Gilbert, P. U. P. A. GG Macros v1.0.0. Zenodo 
                  https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17314120
                  
                 (2025).&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, we compare nanocrystals in the same (pre)molar locations and show that misorientation increases with food hardness in extant and fossil non-human apes and monkeys. We compare misorientation across three major dietary shifts in human evolution: the transition to meat-eating about 2.0&amp;ndash;1.5&amp;thinsp;million years before present&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a aria-label=&quot;Reference 6&quot; data-test=&quot;citation-ref&quot; data-track=&quot;click&quot; data-track-action=&quot;reference anchor&quot; data-track-label=&quot;link&quot; href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10583-8#ref-CR6&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-section-d75531762e856&quot; title=&quot;Zink, K. D. &amp;amp; Lieberman, D. E. Impact of meat and Lower Palaeolithic food processing techniques on chewing in humans. Nature 531, 500–503 (2016).&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-label=&quot;Reference 7&quot; data-test=&quot;citation-ref&quot; data-track=&quot;click&quot; data-track-action=&quot;reference anchor&quot; data-track-label=&quot;link&quot; href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10583-8#ref-CR7&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-section-d75531762e859&quot; title=&quot;Anton, S. C., Potts, R. &amp;amp; Aiello, L. C. Human evolution. Evolution of early Homo: an integrated biological perspective. Science 345, 1236828 (2014).&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, to agriculture (about 12,000&amp;thinsp;years before present)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a aria-label=&quot;Reference 8&quot; data-test=&quot;citation-ref&quot; data-track=&quot;click&quot; data-track-action=&quot;reference anchor&quot; data-track-label=&quot;link&quot; href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10583-8#ref-CR8&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-section-d75531762e863&quot; title=&quot;Wills, C. Hominid economics. Nature 416, 370–371 (2002).&quot;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a aria-label=&quot;Reference 9&quot; data-test=&quot;citation-ref&quot; data-track=&quot;click&quot; data-track-action=&quot;reference anchor&quot; data-track-label=&quot;link&quot; href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10583-8#ref-CR9&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-section-d75531762e866&quot; title=&quot;Larsen, C. S. et al. Bioarchaeology of Neolithic Catalhoyuk reveals fundamental transitions in health, mobility, and lifestyle in early farmers. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 12615–12623 (2019).&quot;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, and the Industrial Revolution (about 250&amp;thinsp;years before present)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a aria-label=&quot;Reference 10&quot; data-test=&quot;citation-ref&quot; data-track=&quot;click&quot; data-track-action=&quot;reference anchor&quot; data-track-label=&quot;link&quot; href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10583-8#ref-CR10&quot; id=&quot;ref-link-section-d75531762e870&quot; title=&quot;Corruccini, R. S. An epidemiologic transition in dental occlusion in world populations. Am. J. Orthod. 86, 419–426 (1984).&quot;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. We show that over the past 1.6&amp;thinsp;million years, in the human lineage misorientation increased with time, especially when meat and stone-ground grains were introduced into human diets, but not with the Industrial Revolution. Thus, besides macro-changes, teeth adapted to dietary change at the nanoscale and crystallographically. This observation suggests that misorientation may contribute to enamel&amp;rsquo;s resilience; thus, bioinspired materials may consider small misorientation angles for added resilience.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8117</style></issue></record></records></xml>