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BRF2 4103: Supposing.

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BRF2 4103: Which is being recorded.

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BRF2 4103: Welcome everyone it's wonderful to have you here, some of you in person and the rest of you on zoom.

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BRF2 4103: So the idea of this exercise is that you each year that a pretty good idea of what you do when you will see it's an incredible diversity of topics and you have very diverse ways of addressing them and sharing what you're interested in.

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BRF2 4103: The idea is to just go one after the other, and I thank you all for submitting your pre recorded.

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BRF2 4103: Talks that makes it quite easy for us, we don't have to worry that somebody is.

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BRF2 4103: monopolize the entire time.

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BRF2 4103: And we will right off the BAT that start with read Larson and Kate attending live offered to she will actually play these directly or she will share a screen and then play the pre recorded recording.

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BRF2 4103: me hi everyone, my name is read Larson and i'm a second year biomedical sciences graduate student and Dr Richard diamonds lab.

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BRF2 4103: And today i'll be talking to you about my time as a number of the anthropogenic specialization here at ucsd as well as my research into the blood brain barrier by cocoa and sugar coating on the inside of the blood vessels and vascular is the central nervous system.

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BRF2 4103: For the blood brain barrier is a term that describes the properties of the blood vessels of the central nervous system that are distinct from the vasculature the rest of the body.

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BRF2 4103: In short, the vessels act as a tight clamp that regulates what gets into an out of the brain, which is exemplified by this image of different tissues from mouse that has been injected with absolute.

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As you can see the diet clearly gets into the skin and testing kidney and liver tissue but is not able to enter into the brain tissue and this is due to the properties of the blood brain barrier.

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BRF2 4103: So the properties of the blood brain barrier include tight junctions which prevent solids from recruit infusing across the endothelial cells.

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BRF2 4103: lower rates of vesco mediated trans psychosis and expression of the flux transporters, such as pgp which help prevent undesired molecules from entering into the brain tissue.

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BRF2 4103: They also express specific membrane transporters which pump nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids into the brain and they express low levels and look excited he's molecules which, in turn, causes low levels of immune cells that reside in the brain tissue.

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But a recent and often underappreciated property of the blood brain barrier is what's known as the blood brain barrier like.

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BRF2 4103: So here is a typical electron microscopy image of a cerebral blood vessel on the outside, is the brain tissue and the circle in the Center is the endothelial cell, that is, the blood vessels inside that circle is the inner lumen of the blood vessel where blood flows.

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However, this image doesn't tell the full story as conventional electron microscopy preparation does not show the blood brain barrier like.

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When the preparation is changed to include Atlanta knows name the sugar mesh at the blood brain barrier like okay likes becomes visible.

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So clearly there's something going on here that we were missing, but not much known about the structure or its role in the blood brain barrier or neurological disease, so my project is to try to investigate the structure more in order to understand.

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Its role in our body.

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And so to investigate the blood brain barrier like WikiLeaks in more detail, I will be looking at the structure molecular composition and function of the blood brain barrier like WikiLeaks and health.

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As well as in most models and multiple sclerosis and epilepsy, I will also be using genetically modified mice to look at the role of specific like ends in the blood brain barrier like WikiLeaks.

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transitioning to my anthropogenic experience I have been to the past three symposia since joining the program this past fall.

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And in my first symposium I hosted Dr G marquee and it was really interesting to learn about the evolution of cyclic acid in simplex in his talk, especially since I relates a lot to my project it's not like acid is an important component, the blood brain barrier like WikiLeaks.

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And just generally i've really enjoyed hearing all the different topics and it's been a great experience so far.

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And so my specific interest in anthropology can be summed up as just generally understanding human story.

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And addition to just changing the way I think about the world and being a super interesting topic to study I have really enjoyed the breath the anthropogenic program has given me.

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Like all projects mine is super specific I dive super deep into one structure in order to understand the larger organism as a whole that organism be us.

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And this reductionist approach is useful, we know molecules make cells cells Mike organs and organs make organisms be taken to the extreme.

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This means that we're just a bunch of molecules that have gotten together and done amazing things like make it to the moon and create beautiful music, but also start devastating world wars and to me that's super interesting.

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But also shows the alternative where we are more than just a bag of molecules and for me anthropology has been the best tool i've found to dive into these questions, a little bit deeper.

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And so within the larger topic of the human story i'm interested in learning about what factors drove the decisions we made us humans, for example, why did we migrate, where we did, how do humans organized societies and how do cultural norms come about and what are their functions.

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My question i'm interested in is how to be used tools and technology to change the way we live and interactive with the world, and why how and why did certain genetic traits become advantages.

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BRF2 4103: My time would you rather like roughly eight minutes for questions anybody have a question for retailers and it's.

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BRF2 4103: Not by design, that is all that happens to mentioned by Kansas first.

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BRF2 4103: Right now, we have nothing against Microbiology.

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BRF2 4103: And costume or.

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BRF2 4103: Any questions sorry.

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BRF2 4103: Why ethanol gets the blood brain barrier so easily.

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BRF2 4103: Small and it gets membranes right.

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Why is that exists.

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BRF2 4103: acts like a solid wood floor so somebody.

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I think connect.

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All that so it's able to enter.

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into the lives throughout the course.

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BRF2 4103: This is where is like first reason.

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BRF2 4103: Is that electrically be transported.

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into right.

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We.

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haven't found the papers to back that up but it's that's like lack of knowledge that's.

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BRF2 4103: Can you remind me what the staining was in this case with our senior level metrics matter i'm sorry heavy metal.

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BRF2 4103: positively charged.

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BRF2 4103: So that's the the hierarchy is that the traditions of so invisible that classic it to make it visible use a super big metal ions that are positively charged it's like saying.

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BRF2 4103: Some nice filly great with refrigerator.

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BRF2 4103: From these huge things on these molecules that they stick their very best and then you see whether.

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they're.

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BRF2 4103: now going to have problems probes they can be like this protein refined sugars and it turns out, people are every year people discover new molecules inside animals that are busy binding shoes inside the APP itself but passively all the legends where the study plants.

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BRF2 4103: But now, this appreciation like this cigarette cigarette knowledge that we mentioned that a busy touching the servers themselves via should we change there's also other things.

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BRF2 4103: And so you'll add those you laugh collaborate with be as collateral yeah.

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Okay.

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BRF2 4103: yeah.

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BRF2 4103: Any other questions about loving parents.

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BRF2 4103: You mentioned multiple sclerosis what's the link there also certainly look like okay Alex is degree multiple sclerosis.

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And we don't really know what that means.

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BRF2 4103: contact lens in human factors from the periphery to the privilege area yeah because I mean cells are.

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Tanushree Agrawal: are causing all the illusions.

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So that could be mechanism let.

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BRF2 4103: me quickly check with people online, can you can you hear us are we too soft spoken.

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Emily Davis: I can hear you okay.

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Ajit Varki: Good soft.

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BRF2 4103: keep in mind these guys, we got some filtering.

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BRF2 4103: Any questions.

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Tanushree Agrawal: I guess, I had a I had a basic question I don't know if you.

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Tanushree Agrawal: Can you hear, can you hear me.

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Tanushree Agrawal: Like super basic um so I like basically just thinking about like what is special about the brain compared a neurons compared to like other highly specialized oregon's like the harder of all these other.

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Tanushree Agrawal: Things like, why is there a blood brain barrier but it's okay for like toxins in the blood to like go to other organs that seem just as delicate it's it's something special about neurons is it like what's the.

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BRF2 4103: I think that the main driver of why that's The case is because.

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BRF2 4103: neurons they can't sell for finish as well as like if a hard sell dies or artists come in with an adult merchandise, is very, very little neurogenesis so there's a much higher demand for me like strict control of toxicity.

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BRF2 4103: As the traditional view and that there might be.

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BRF2 4103: You know well yeah that's it that's that's.

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BRF2 4103: I want to segue into still learning but.

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BRF2 4103: i'm going to try to provoke read with an idea that is there was another lot of the test this barrier and the ovary area.

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BRF2 4103: And what is wrong, is that in the brain a lot of the neurons on the goal genetic changes mediated by transposons so neighboring neurons are not exactly the same, which opens them up to immune attack.

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BRF2 4103: So RON interesting ideas, could it be that the blood brain barrier also act, obviously it stops toxins in this vital central nervous system, but it might also shield some of the mobile regenerated by acquisition, you probably knew that.

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BRF2 4103: And of course the the testing that's very much affects the avalanche transpose on stomping around create all these different store and Romano made when he learns about stuff and i'd be like revenge.

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BRF2 4103: Yes, what she said happens when.

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BRF2 4103: X, Y people have said to me is the thinking of autoimmunity great not can almost always do sperm are highly journey to both of them.

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BRF2 4103: Including but man, the person make reference for the anti Nazi either by that uses, but I said, you know and they the brain, of course, most of the brain.

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BRF2 4103: matures you know some of it that she was only in the third day, so there might be developmental pathways in the brain that that make things happen long after you have learned cells and cells discrimination.

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BRF2 4103: But i'm you know i'm not sure how accepted this is but it's an idea that's fascinating for many years.

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BRF2 4103: It was a big thing you know just pointing out there that have the neurotransmitters transmitters are in several emotions.

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BRF2 4103: The mean molecules in the body else in there are transmitted since I mean, I think, each of us is to get into macrophages deleted it evens quivering instead of neuro receptor system yeah we just.

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BRF2 4103: Why was chosen by Chinese.

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BRF2 4103: As a dictatorship to interfere against prosocial kill.

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BRF2 4103: So they're barely argument would be, because the same molecule fulfills want functioning for referral immunity and another one in central nervous system, you can blend the actions yeah keep it from problem with like specific gating so I get.

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interest from the cortex actually predict process.

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Ajit Varki: Simpler thinking about it to the to any of your organs.

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Ajit Varki: Sick you can throw in the wild but, if your brain gets sick they're gonna last very long.

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Ajit Varki: Or if you make it safe with fermented.

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BRF2 4103: bottles are.

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BRF2 4103: rap rap the COPs they all try some pretty strong don't drink too much.

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BRF2 4103: Okay, so with that we go to our second presentation, which will be an eel masters pre recorded presentation our lead page share screen.

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hi my name is annual MAS and are finished up my fourth year in the wasted live in the department of psychology.

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I do basic memory science specifically recognition memory I tend to concentrate on facial recognition, but I do other types as well.

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And i'm interested in how memory works mechanistic Lee i'm not necessarily trying to improve anyone's memory or make it worse instead i'm just interested on what's happening in terms of the nuts and bolts of the process itself.

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i'm interested in theory driven research with an integrated approach that is informed by mathematical modeling.

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on the screen you'll see a sample signal detection curve I use it on detection theory a lot in my own work, I turn to the neuroscience literature quite a bit real police data, and more recently with Carta, the evolutionary history of homo sapiens.

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Now you might be wondering why is it real police data that's because I do a lot of police lineup research at its core a lineup is a recognition memory test.

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witnesses are being given a set of spaces and being asked to report, whether they recognize one of them as being the perpetrator, from whatever crime that they just saw.

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And to digress a little bit it's a popular myth that eyewitness memory is unreliable, if you have that belief I get it, I wrote my entire undergraduate thesis on how it's unreliable but that's not the consensus of the field anymore.

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And if you view the rest of this presentation, with that in mind, it might get a little bit confusing in fact witnesses are highly reliable on that first line up test and due to that I actually use police sign up a research to tell me things about how memory works itself.

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To be really clear, though I don't use what I know about memory research to create the best police lineup I actually do the opposite I use lineups to tell me things about memory.

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In reality, the lineup many positions I do are pretty bad and unacceptable for a real world application i'll do things like covering up people's faces.

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Face morphing software and sometimes putting multiple guilty people in a lineup at once until i'm participants, they can only select one person.

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I also don't only do police lineup research I study recognition memory as a whole, the entire process, including how evidence accumulates in the brain before a decision is even made.

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it's pretty cool stuff, but I think that police lineup research is a lot more fun to talk about it so let's talk about it.

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Here is a sample lineup procedure from a mock crime experiment, so in this participants are going to be watching a mock crime video and they're going to be presented with the one of two lineups.

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Either target present lineup or a target absent lineup The only difference is whether the guilty perpetrator is actually there.

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From here witnesses or participants have a few options, they can choose a suspect it can either be that guilty or innocent suspect, depending on what line up, they are given.

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They can choose a filler photo fillers or one of those other five photos meant to just create the lineup as a whole.

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And witnesses can also completely reject the line up by saying that the person from their memory is not present.

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Regardless of their decision they're going to be giving us their confidence value.

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Something really interesting that the field has found is that when a participant makes a selection to a face, whether it's to a suspect or a filler photo.

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Their confidence is highly indicative of their accuracy there's a strong confidence accuracy relationship.

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That means that when they make a selection, with a high degree of confidence there's going to be a high likelihood that they're correct, but if they make a low confidence decision.

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they're actually going to be a high degree of error attached to that decision.

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On the other hand, a line of rejection does not have that strong confidence accuracy relationship in fact that confidence accuracy accuracy relation is in your flat, and the reason why that happens kind of boggles the field and it's what i'm doing my dissertation research on.

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Moving on to answer policy my time encarta has been primarily spent encoded but using the advanced anthropology course and also some the past symposia.

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i've managed to refine my research interest to two things that I think will be highly applicable to my own research.

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The first is non human primate research in the memory domain, this is a lot of neuroscience to see what areas and pathways are being activated and utilized during memory tasks.

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And, in general, I think that this type of research can help inform us on when certain processes and abilities developed in humans.

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i'm also interested in population density patterns, I think, changes in group size and dynamics can shape a lot of different price processes for humans and I don't think that memory is any exception to that.

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As for supposedly that i've attended i've attended for or being paired of the speaker i've attended a few more as just being a general audience man Member looking forward to talks and i'm looking forward to attending more in the future.

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And with that, thank you very much, if you have any questions on anything I presented on today, or about my own research my emails on that first slide and feel free to contact me.

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BRF2 4103: For questions questions for.

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BRF2 4103: me or just raise your resume or.

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BRF2 4103: Your question.

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Emily Davis: Emily yeah yeah I have a question about memory research so.

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Emily Davis: I was surprised to learn that the consensus has changed to eyewitness testimony being reliable because.

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Emily Davis: I remember learning about things like the experiments of Elizabeth Loftus who shows that if you ask people leading questions, then they can completely re evaluate their their memory of the same incident, so what caused this change in the consensus.

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Anne Yilmaz: So that research still holds Elizabeth Loftus research shows how memory can contaminate over time.

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Anne Yilmaz: And it is a problem in the real world that police officers will be giving multiple lineups with the perpetrators face repetitively shown to them.

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Anne Yilmaz: Meaning that over time they're adding memory signal, making it more likely that they will be selected with a high degree of confidence, all this is true memory is easily contaminated.

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Anne Yilmaz: However, that first memory test that first police lineup is going to be a somewhat pristine as long as there aren't.

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Anne Yilmaz: As long as they line up as being administered unfairly like suggestively or things like that that is still going to be a highly.

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Anne Yilmaz: Reliable first memory test the issue isn't with memory, the issue is with how please try to handle memory evidence like.

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Anne Yilmaz: Something that I try to compare it to pretty often is DNA DNA something that's easily contaminated.

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Anne Yilmaz: But we don't call that unreliable we just test it once we don't keep testing it after we've messed it up after we have contaminated it and we have procedures in place so that way we can deal with.

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Anne Yilmaz: The actual reliable evidence and use it appropriately so memory is still is contaminated easily but that first one is extremely reliable as long as police officers aren't like pointing people to a particular witness in the lineup.

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Emily Davis: Thank you, that makes a lot of sense.

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Anne Yilmaz: mm hmm.

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Anne Yilmaz: Yes.

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BRF2 4103: I just had a methodological question as curious when you're doing the simulations to identify the perpetrators what cues people out to maybe attend, more to the situation, and then they might.

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winner.

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By chance, a witness, you know real world simulation.

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Anne Yilmaz: guess my question just kind of what does that look like it in her studies so are you talking about chewing them to a particular face are you talking about like the stimulus set like because you're not obviously witnessing real crimes that, just to clarify.

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BRF2 4103: Right so yeah just the tasks themselves to are they aware of.

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BRF2 4103: What they'll be asked to do later on to maybe attend or to the face to pick out that perpetrator later on.

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Anne Yilmaz: So we don't usually tell them that they're going to be viewing a mock crime video and then be giving them any given a lineup um.

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Anne Yilmaz: Where are we just because most witnesses of crimes don't know what's about to happen that's kind of how it is and we don't want them to we don't want to try to.

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Anne Yilmaz: channel their attention toward particular things we just want to add before we add variables to it, we just wanted to test it plainly, without any sort of queuing toward anything, in particular, however.

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Anne Yilmaz: What we do sometimes do this isn't like in a standard experiment, but if we were trying to test something.

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Anne Yilmaz: Specifically, is, we will try to control how liberal or conservative, they are being in terms of their willingness to make an ID in the first place.

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Anne Yilmaz: Like if we give them instructions and you're saying something along the lines of like hey there have been a lot of people incarcerated who are actually innocent be very, very careful before you select the face.

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Anne Yilmaz: That with your willingness even make a selection is going to be changed as well, but we'll do little modifications like that, depending on specific questions we're trying to answer.

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Anne Yilmaz: But for the standard line of experiment we're not prompting them to give them a heads up on what the task is, we just start off the video there's usually a couple second lead and where they're like just getting oriented to the video at all, and then some sort of crime, a little beer.

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Thank you.

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BRF2 4103: So I have a question for for this, as we talked about that in the in the course you know the the facial identification, based on the black and white, to the image that's printed on the sheet you're seeing on the screen is so incredibly novel in human experience.

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BRF2 4103: Is they're interested in trying to improve and then you mentioned the influence of the the direction of the gays or that you know that.

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Anne Yilmaz: Yes.

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BRF2 4103: They want to face if you could just share a few thoughts about.

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BRF2 4103: Control for that and how much is lost by you know compressing down a face to a 2d image in black and white.

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Anne Yilmaz: Not too much is lost in terms of compressing it to 2d or even converting it to black and white actually more has gained by converting it to black and white, because most of these in the real world.

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Anne Yilmaz: Most of these lineup photos for the filler photos and the suspect photos are typically taken from dmv photos are either taking from mug shots from prison so you'll get like weird green lighting weird orange lighting various degrees of quality.

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Anne Yilmaz: And so, in terms of a lab based setting the static black and white actually helps things of it.

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Anne Yilmaz: um but in terms of real world administration yeah like most people don't do a crime, like head on their viewing it at some sort of like.

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Anne Yilmaz: angle, and there are studies in which, if we allow participants to move their face around or move the face of the line of people there, they will do that to match the viewing angle.

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Anne Yilmaz: But once again, like most lineups aren't being administered in a like perfect lab based setting some lineups in the real world, or like.

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Anne Yilmaz: The hood of the car hey quick, is this the person like I saw guy running you know.

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Anne Yilmaz: Okay, let me pull you into the storage closet just were alone for a second while like I don't know your employees are over there, so we don't really get that kind we can't like pull out ipads.

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Anne Yilmaz: In the real world and just change the viewing angles of people's faces because most of the photos are sourced from the dmv or something like that.

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BRF2 4103: that's very much.

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Anne Yilmaz: I have to head out it too so i'm gonna head out and then i'm going to come back later for more talks.

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BRF2 4103: You again a little bit.

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BRF2 4103: And we'll go to our third speaker might be good question.

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BRF2 4103: So our first speaker is megan Rossi, with some more information, a different angle on the blood right there.

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hi everyone, my name is megan Rossi i'm a fourth year PhD student in the neurosciences program and i'm a second year student and anthropology specialization it's a pleasure to speak with you all today about diet exercise and blood brain barrier.

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Our indoor overfed sedentary existence lies in great contrast to the active lifestyles and nutrient rich diets of our ancestors.

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The question I want to address my PhD is how our modern way of life, characterized by less physical activity and more sugary less nutritious food.

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is potentially maladaptive for the blood vessels in our brains, also known as the brain barrier.

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This also speaks to a particular interest within enter progeny what we evolved to eat how we evolved to move and how that contrast it with our current way of life, might be affecting our brain health.

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Again i'm interested in these questions, via the interface between the bloodstream and the brain called the blood brain barrier.

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What is the blood brain barrier the function of the brain barrier can be visualized if we inject dye called Evans blue tie into the bloodstream of a mouse.

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You can see that the diet easily permeates organs from the skin to the intestines to deliver.

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But it's not able to penetrate through the cells, making up the vasculature of the brain into the brain prank and then.

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These vessels are able to form a tight seal on the brand compared to more leaky barrier in these other parts of the body and as tight seal is so that the composition of the brain, it can be carefully regulated.

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However, the blood brain barrier is a static wall that blocks of bad stuff from going in it actually refers to a set of dynamic properties expressed by blood vessels in the brain, which are different.

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As I said, from blood vessels in the rest of the body tight junctions form a parasite color barrier.

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Low levels of translate hostess form a transfer color barrier.

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You FLEX transporters actually pump back out small of the field molecules that can passively diffuse cross the membrane.

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Because the blood brain barrier does such a good job of excluding things nutrient influx transporters selectively transport things like glucose and amino acids into the brain.

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And Obviously there are low levels of Lucas a occasion molecules which is not to enter the brain largely quote immune privileged.

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We know that signals from the PR freaking effect brain function lifestyle factors like sleep quality dietary intake exercise.

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and other factors have differential outcomes for everything from neurodegenerative diseases like alzheimer's and parkinson's to depression schizophrenia and stroke.

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How is this happening well our signatory system carries signals from various organs throughout the body and the circulatory system also interfaces with these organs and putting the brain.

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We hypothesize that the blood brain barrier which is positioned at this crucial interface between signal circulating in the bloodstream and the brain prank the man.

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may be carrying this information about the state of the rest of the body to the brain and playing a role in this effect on brain function.

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and other words at this crucial interface between the brain and the periphery, the blood brain barrier, maybe sensing important information.

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about the state of the rest of the body via metabolites hormones and other secreted factors in the bloodstream and, in turn, potentially can bang this information to the brain.

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My expression of how a diet, specifically may affect both and barrier I just had to specifically focus in on three diets control diet which largely reflects what mice eat in the wild and invite area.

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high fat high sucrose Western diet, which has been linked for decades to worse and learning and memory outcomes and a ketogenic diet.

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very hot high fat and low in carbohydrates, putting the animal into a state of ketosis, which is actually one of the oldest remedies for pediatric epilepsy and is largely thought to improve your logical function, especially in a disease states.

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In combination with exercise interventions these dietary paradigms will allow us to investigate how peripheral factors might be affecting the blood brain barrier structure function and gene expression profile.

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i'm so grateful to be part of this vibrant Carter Community it's been an absolute joy to get to know the students faculty and staff.

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involved in the specialization since I joined, two years ago and that time i've gotten to participate in for symposia and i've loved being a part of each one of them.

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i've been really fortunate to be paired with some fantastic speakers, many of whom have also been directly relevant to my research on the effects of diet and exercise Thank you so much to Carta for fostering such an amazing and vibrant community.

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And some great scientific exchange and thanks to you all for listening.

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Ajit Varki: figuring that out actually you repeat the question.

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BRF2 4103: Yes, what is the thing.

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BRF2 4103: That people generally diet and collects.

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BRF2 4103: yeah so i'm like it's still a very like.

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BRF2 4103: hockey field of research, so I mean your child so starting about like both of you very.

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BRF2 4103: Nice.

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BRF2 4103: Thank you yeah to people is really broad brushstrokes the general idea is that if you're eliminating sugar.

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BRF2 4103: I don't see is the disease, if you want to look deeper and we'll see but it over active.

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BRF2 4103: And then neurons are very, very energetically hungry so, even though the brain.

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BRF2 4103: 2% of your body weight 20% of your energy.

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BRF2 4103: So if you can eliminate this free you know excess sugar state call them one by inducing this state.

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in which the brain uses ketones as a source of fuel.

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filter.

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BRF2 4103: Then you can essentially like eliminate this extra you know it's all.

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BRF2 4103: New sure you had a question.

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BRF2 4103: I am I correct in my understanding that the ketogenic diet was specifically.

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BRF2 4103: formulated for to.

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Tanushree Agrawal: treat kids with seizures.

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BRF2 4103: And then people have observed weather was weight loss, and then the next thing you know Hollywood adopted and I got I don't know if it's not linear but definitely like the.

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BRF2 4103: baking them like.

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BRF2 4103: I can say.

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BRF2 4103: um yeah, but I can still get it right so there's like them like a circuitous route I think um but you know in in the Paleo diet which isn't ketogenic necessarily but kind of.

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BRF2 4103: Is that, in the same realm of things and those have all you know waxed and waned in popularity, especially with the last few decades.

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BRF2 4103: yeah, but it is interesting, because there are like medically induced ketogenic say it's where you, you know have like a very specially formulated kind of bland food that you have to consume the possible patient.

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BRF2 4103: And then there's no acute on a diet that you know 2021 tries to lose weight.

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BRF2 4103: So yeah there is a difference between not and I think that diets that condition i'm putting them on you know it's very it's probably more on the side of the hospitals diet something you've been.

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BRF2 4103: so worried considering what about also posted something like a loose on your Mediterranean or Southeast Asian diets that it's much more sustainable and I asked.

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BRF2 4103: One thing about the project directors to blindly long sustained great great it's very you asked me to embrace it depends on your genetics two books and there's also a provision oh actually sorry.

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BRF2 4103: disaster.

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BRF2 4103: it's all and in fact yeah it's a great question I.

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BRF2 4103: yeah basically I went back and forth with ritual, on which I like wanted to look at like 11 diet, so today, we might you know where it is number three but um.

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BRF2 4103: yeah I was really interested, the idea of Omega three verses six house he definitely didn't like you know the switch, so I would highly only six rich.

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BRF2 4103: versus will be probably would have eaten before processed foods speaking most will be eight which was rich in Omega three and was interested in which you know might be part of that lose them Mediterranean idea um yeah so I transfer, I thought I.

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BRF2 4103: had to like limited scope it's really questions any other questions will make it.

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BRF2 4103: like this is Tom here conception or misconception that like uber healthier in the past that you know if there's any truth to that or if that's just like all we all need to mature your house or not healthy, but I feel like, at least in.

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Most of the world.

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Though.

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BRF2 4103: Right, what do you mean by healthy like are getting your calories and surviving.

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BRF2 4103: yeah I mean I think what i'm hearing captured by is this idea of what we, which is actually one of the things I would be if it's a bunch of.

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BRF2 4103: classes quarter is food composition historically we've evolved to eat, which has definitely changed over time and, like the evolution of.

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BRF2 4103: Humans um and you know we got like everything from how your data to morphology is and like how long your intestines are and what your gut you know how you co evolved with the gut microbiota to like so I yeah I don't think there's like some ideal ideal diet, but.

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BRF2 4103: Basically, that is potentially this aligned to what we evolved to be able to look at champions out of it out like i'm even having like negative outcomes of like.

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You know, take two diabetes, some people call centers type three diabetes like it's all very or dysfunction idea defined.

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BRF2 4103: excited huge push but it's moving moving targets were both your Genetics has changed that much more dramatic we have we produce which time we somehow Labor has also changed.

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BRF2 4103: As a result, adaptation, but it's probably slower events, a lot of mismatches.

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BRF2 4103: That are you know that at all predicated on through on the value of evolution to a society and then farming eating bread and so that is measurable the farming breeds more calories more babies, but much lower health from Africa.

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BRF2 4103: So it's this bizarre transition Well, yes, you have more food, but what's the he knows what the.

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BRF2 4103: hell so even like kind of agricultural 10,000 years ago like, then the thought is that that was nutrient you know the people producing about food all working all the time, you know, having much less beggars.

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BRF2 4103: News it's mostly the crops, they have it, they have crop failures, we should don't have a gap right.

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BRF2 4103: You see, the summer that's one thing that has to know about themselves, they never stopped and when there is a salvation salvation of the people around the farm they come and talk to them and ask them how do you still find.

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BRF2 4103: The zombie gathers don't have that knowledge bar individual rights or something.

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yeah.

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BRF2 4103: They were.

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BRF2 4103: terrified of what what have you found that you've talked about a couple of bits.

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BRF2 4103: yeah so I have 10 points.

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BRF2 4103: And my forum so i've been on, for example, the Western diet for four months on the gods.

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BRF2 4103: So they going to do around eight weeks, which is like a nice teacher ish and then they're on it for four months so it's all you know they so until they're six months and an average lifespan is one or two years in the lab.

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BRF2 4103: So this isn't necessarily um get them into this like Type two diabetic state, but I do you know they get very overweight and obese like they're like twice the size of mice.

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BRF2 4103: And so I am very interested in.

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BRF2 4103: Peter singer darling remember and study, where there are these you know you can ask me to remember see move objects around and.

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BRF2 4103: play their natural impulse some floor offices at with novel more than your office i'm actually not my underground, this week we just said that i'm really interested in one loss of memory.

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And over here.

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BRF2 4103: We can actually do to make up.

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BRF2 4103: Your tackling.

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BRF2 4103: Great Thank you very much.

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hi my name is Mika kaplan and i'm a second year PhD student in the biomedical sciences program and i'm in the tree whoa labs studying the regulation of D PCR induced Hippo pathway signaling by see sark in breast carcinoma.

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So our lab studies G protein couple percenters in the context of breast cancer and one JP car whose dysregulation has been implicated with breast cancer is protease activated receptor one, also known as part one.

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Now, part one, is a unique gpc are because it's activation relies on protease dependent cleavage by Robin and then undergoes this intra molecular self binding.

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And so, part one activation is constitutive and can only turn off following receptor internalization and degradation and because of its irreversible activation part one overexpression often leads to this average and continue signaling.

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Interestingly, part one has been found to be overexpressed specifically in invasive breast cancers compared with other non invasive breast cancers suggesting a role for this gpc art and metastatic breast cancer.

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Because part one is continuously active, it must undergo and design will trafficking to the license zone for degradation.

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So our lab previously identified this scaffolding also arrested, known as air DC three to be important for the regulation of Part one trafficking to the license.

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And we found that in the context of breast cancer era DC three acts as a tumor suppressor to dampen signaling from Part One

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Interestingly, I potential link between era DC three tumor suppressor role and the Hippo signaling pathway has been investigated in the context of breast cancer.

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So we recently identified this oncogene known as smart as a potential interactive of air DC three, and here I was able to show its importance and the regulation Hippo signaling pathway in breast cancer.

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And I aim to further investigate the interplay between era DC three sark and breast cancer progression in a cell signaling dependent context.

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So I recently attended and participated in to Carter symposia, the first being past, present and future of the anthropocene.

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Where I hosted Dr Vanessa is then one who gave a talk on the ecology and evolution of infectious diseases and in her talk doctor is then one warned of the positive feedback loop between climate change infectious diseases and higher methane emissions.

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And I found the discussions about the future of our planet very serious and very versatile and so the second symposium that I attended was the recent planet altering ape symposium.

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I hosted Dr David hallway and David hallways talk was about human introduction and dissemination of invasive species, where he brought up many aspects of.

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specie invasions including cost analysis, and so this symposia featured many scientists who share their thoughts about the severe changes humans have inflicted on our planet and i'm really looking forward to hearing about more of these symposium.

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And so overall i'm interested in learning more about the prevalence of cancer among humans and non human primates so it's been well established that.

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Human malignancies of older ages are quite common, as we know.

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However, they seem to be abundantly rare in non human primates and so i'd like to further understand how diseases like cancer, which are so common in our society.

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seem to have been absent throughout the history of other primate evolution so i'm really looking forward to continuing in my path with Carta, and thank you for listening.

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BRF2 4103: i'm just sorry you mentioned it and how so.

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BRF2 4103: yeah our cancers pretty opposite and all of our private cousins they they seem to be.

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There seems to be a large disparity between humans and non human primates.

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BRF2 4103: Part of that is due to each right great older we get.

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The morning stations or anything but.

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BRF2 4103: When you eliminate the factor beach there so really take that and there are other animal species that live quite long time and they don't get cancer and so yeah it's really interesting that it's.

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BRF2 4103: kind of unique to humans how how prevalent is so rare and others she's just like could that cannot just be attributes, or you know industrial revolution pollution for that, like this dietary differences talking about like where do we think that this happened, like longer ago than.

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Ajit Varki: I think it's probably a lot of founding things definitely our current climate.

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Right and everything else is.

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Very different than our normal.

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human primates sweeteners so.

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yeah it's really interesting.

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Ajit Varki: The best competitor group actually is japan's in captivity, the beginning similar, as you know, the environment, so the food.

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Ajit Varki: Exactly the same, and then they have very good autopsies these private Center that had chimpanzees so probably 2000 chips and and looked at excellent excellent okay and and the frequency of customers, particularly given the reputation ordinary right, the only answer things like leukemia.

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Ajit Varki: Because nothing compared to your country absolutely sure, but it seems to be the case study is explaining it, so we have some explanations do in our.

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BRF2 4103: classes are well documented in all models.

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BRF2 4103: From you know from hydro.

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BRF2 4103: If you have more than one sale, but there is the possibility of a.

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Ajit Varki: collapse of.

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BRF2 4103: Cooperation between access.

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BRF2 4103: To these cards, you know, but that seems to be and we only have the data that that from chimpanzee we really don't have enough information on gorillas orangutans but elbows.

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BRF2 4103: So there seems to be something going on.

327
00:47:31.350 --> 00:47:31.980
BRF2 4103: Other questions.

328
00:47:35.250 --> 00:47:42.270
BRF2 4103: I had one you know you I really like how you, you talked about you know some fairly esoteric intracellular signaling.

329
00:47:42.600 --> 00:47:52.230
BRF2 4103: Is molecular dancing between membrane and good GE capital protein researchers and then how the signals are transmitted eventually changing gene expression.

330
00:47:53.100 --> 00:48:00.150
BRF2 4103: So, have you found that when you interact with ecologists, you know, like David all way or, then what.

331
00:48:01.080 --> 00:48:13.290
BRF2 4103: Do you sometimes stop thinking about molecular dances inside use cancer cells as potentially biological directions of parasites, with a host or invasive species.

332
00:48:13.680 --> 00:48:22.980
BRF2 4103: I mean it doesn't use in fact that there might be something there something that will trigger trigger and why do when you cross apply a stable perspective yeah.

333
00:48:24.090 --> 00:48:34.020
Now there are so many factors going on right it's almost the signaling is initially external and that reasoning is.

334
00:48:35.040 --> 00:48:42.840
BRF2 4103: translated in ourselves, but then that also gets three externalize to affect the rest of your body of.

335
00:48:44.040 --> 00:48:51.810
Cancer progression your taxes and creation, so we see that a lot with.

336
00:48:53.220 --> 00:49:04.230
Other things related to climate and infectious diseases and things like that, where it's like a cycle, where it's like a fine balance, a lot of the.

337
00:49:05.490 --> 00:49:08.670
BRF2 4103: pathways that i'm studying are really.

338
00:49:10.320 --> 00:49:18.660
Not necessarily intuition and one protein, but rather that the protein it's miss regulated so there's a there's.

339
00:49:20.310 --> 00:49:21.660
A miss and how.

340
00:49:23.160 --> 00:49:29.850
balances it's set we're in normal selves about six different cancer cells, the balances.

341
00:49:31.410 --> 00:49:38.460
Not good so even like I kind of slight adjustment can lead to the train right now, because it gets amplified but.

342
00:49:41.730 --> 00:49:42.810
No other questions for me.

343
00:49:46.230 --> 00:49:50.970
move on to the next, the group, and that will be playing hi.

344
00:49:56.910 --> 00:50:07.770
BRF2 4103: Everyone, my name is katie battle Stein and i'm in my fifth year in the department of psychology and my main research interests are within the field of learning and memory and behavioral pharmacology.

345
00:50:09.930 --> 00:50:18.930
Much of my work utilizes the Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm, which is a classical conditioning paradigm that typically involves pairing an electric shock.

346
00:50:19.470 --> 00:50:28.470
But the neutral stimulus like a pure town over time that tone begins to elicit a fear related response on its own without the presence of the electric shock.

347
00:50:30.090 --> 00:50:35.880
The fear conditioning paradigm is used to model pathological fear, but it's also a measure of memory.

348
00:50:36.480 --> 00:50:47.280
In particular, we can gauge an animal's memory for the environmental context they were originally conditioned in my measuring their behavioral response to that environment at a remote time point after conditioning.

349
00:50:48.240 --> 00:50:58.710
This type of memory is hippocampus dependent and it's analogous to what are termed human declarative memories, so these would be our memories for facts events names and so on.

350
00:50:59.670 --> 00:51:07.260
and more recently i've been working on modifying the original fear conditioning paradigm to elicit ptsd like symptoms and the MICE.

351
00:51:08.370 --> 00:51:18.300
already achieved promising results for the model within the context, if your conditioning and i'm also planning to test some downstream behavioral effects in my ptsd mouse model.

352
00:51:18.840 --> 00:51:28.020
which will include deficits in social behavior increased long term anxiety behaviors and an enhanced propensity to develop addiction to illicit drugs.

353
00:51:30.030 --> 00:51:40.380
As we're currently in the midst of what's been termed a psychedelic Renaissance i'm also interested in examining the effects of various psychedelic or hallucinogenic drugs in my ptsd mouse model.

354
00:51:41.250 --> 00:51:49.560
More and more clinical settings are using these drugs to treat a variety of psychiatric conditions, including mood and anxiety disorders, as well as ptsd.

355
00:51:50.040 --> 00:51:56.580
But there's a relative lack of understanding with regard to the mechanisms by which these drugs produced their therapeutic effects.

356
00:51:57.090 --> 00:52:09.090
So my current work is focused on identifying the parameters needed to administer these drugs and to see therapeutic effects and my ptsd mouse model my parameters i'm referring to the dose and timing of the drug administration.

357
00:52:10.380 --> 00:52:17.580
So far, successfully induced to ptsd like traits and my mouse model enhanced associative learning, as well as non associative learning.

358
00:52:17.970 --> 00:52:31.740
To essentially mirrors the tendency of humans with ptsd to exhibit a heightened fear response to novel stimuli that they have never been exposed to, but that might possess qualities that are similar to a traumatizing stimulus.

359
00:52:33.120 --> 00:52:48.750
So i'm looking at the parameters needed to demonstrate therapeutic effects, meaning a reduction in both associative and sensitized fear and an amelioration of social deficits anxiety and addiction sensitivity, or the downstream behavioral effects.

360
00:52:49.800 --> 00:53:05.310
By using a comparative approach and testing, a number of different drugs, all with unique mechanisms of action on the brain I can compare these mechanisms against the drugs behavioral effects to begin to elucidate, the most important mechanisms underlying each discrete behavioral effect.

361
00:53:07.500 --> 00:53:17.280
As for my symposium experience I have participated in six here have listed each speaker, I had the opportunity to be paired with and a brief description of the subject of their talks.

362
00:53:18.030 --> 00:53:27.600
For me, the first three symposia turned out to be incredibly essential in helping me develop a much richer understanding of the early human landscape.

363
00:53:28.920 --> 00:53:38.250
The symposium on the perspective from Africa, where I was paired with Jonas banning especially stood out to me because of the talks we had outside of the formal symposia.

364
00:53:39.030 --> 00:53:46.800
I felt he did a fantastic job of describing the daily challenges, whether physical, political or otherwise, that are involved in fieldwork.

365
00:53:47.640 --> 00:53:53.370
And then the latter three symposia were more directly related to my PhD work, especially the altered states symposium.

366
00:53:54.180 --> 00:54:09.600
And I could go on and on about the incredible experiences life lessons that i've gotten from these symposia but I especially want to highlight the value of the time spent with the speakers outside of the formal talk component it's been especially eye opening for me and a lot of ways.

367
00:54:11.100 --> 00:54:17.820
As far as the relevance of my work to anthropology i'm particularly interested in the evolutionary perspective of ptsd.

368
00:54:18.570 --> 00:54:25.470
condition, fear and anxiety states are you ubiquitous among mammals and our psycho physiological.

369
00:54:26.370 --> 00:54:42.900
or cycle physical reactions to trauma have clear mechanisms to ensure our survival, but i'm interested in more deeply exploring the unique factors that humans bring to the table that come together with the shared mammalian biology to manifest it uniquely human disorder like ptsd.

370
00:54:44.370 --> 00:54:51.960
And then lastly i've always been fascinated by humans deliberate use of substances that alter the mind and for a long time.

371
00:54:52.440 --> 00:54:59.400
And still to this day there's been this focus on psychedelics and their ability to provide a sort of new perspective.

372
00:55:00.120 --> 00:55:09.660
But I want to clarify what this actually means what people mean by new perspective and isolate the mechanisms that are underlying their specific effects, thank you very much.

373
00:55:23.550 --> 00:55:24.960
BRF2 4103: Humans like.

374
00:55:27.690 --> 00:55:27.990
It.

375
00:55:31.440 --> 00:55:36.150
seems to be part of that three days, whatever period.

376
00:55:39.960 --> 00:55:50.700
BRF2 4103: of my life depended on replay prepare for that, like your mind is I can talk a bit about that do you mind if the sharpest in some way they said polly polly expresses so.

377
00:55:51.810 --> 00:55:53.790
BRF2 4103: As part of our manipulation is still pre.

378
00:55:55.020 --> 00:55:58.590
BRF2 4103: planning phase of this, but we are going to look at the effects of.

379
00:56:00.690 --> 00:56:19.050
showing the various discrete cues that are present during their traumatic event, so I didn't go through the details of what that traumatic slave, but there are several different screen like you sound cues or cues and everything that we're planning up looking at each individual.

380
00:56:20.880 --> 00:56:22.800
behavioral response to.

381
00:56:24.450 --> 00:56:26.310
BRF2 4103: text done.

382
00:56:27.390 --> 00:56:28.980
BRF2 4103: experienced the past where.

383
00:56:30.090 --> 00:56:33.210
mice tend to only respond with the full.

384
00:56:35.130 --> 00:56:36.060
of fear response.

385
00:56:37.110 --> 00:56:37.380
Please.

386
00:56:38.640 --> 00:56:40.140
i'm not sure how that's gonna play out.

387
00:56:50.610 --> 00:56:51.120
we're looking at.

388
00:56:56.730 --> 00:56:57.540
showing that these.

389
00:57:05.100 --> 00:57:06.240
Other questions things.

390
00:57:09.390 --> 00:57:12.660
BRF2 4103: In your I like want you to go back so that was.

391
00:57:13.800 --> 00:57:24.960
BRF2 4103: The last slide of life so basically I this is such a cool topic i'm fascinated early I can shoot will be already know about how psychedelics.

392
00:57:25.560 --> 00:57:38.490
BRF2 4103: know what is that enhanced or like more free like learning state was that mean which research has been done on like what like what this is it actually you get up to the plate in terms of.

393
00:57:39.480 --> 00:57:46.440
BRF2 4103: You know I yeah i've heard a lot about like the renaissance of psychedelic city concept useful for ptsd but i'm having trouble.

394
00:57:46.860 --> 00:57:51.270
BRF2 4103: picturing without looks like like it's not to shake acid and then he, like are exposing.

395
00:57:51.810 --> 00:57:57.900
BRF2 4103: folks like what triggers them and then there were a new solution for that, or are they just like.

396
00:57:58.200 --> 00:58:10.230
BRF2 4103: On off the by themselves in their bedroom and like soft phone thing with action yeah so that's a really good question, because as it's being distributed to people right now it's kind of all over the place, so people are just being given.

397
00:58:10.920 --> 00:58:17.760
BRF2 4103: Justice to administer themselves at home other people are actually getting during the talk therapy.

398
00:58:19.290 --> 00:58:22.710
BRF2 4103: there's some belief that fema, for example.

399
00:58:24.120 --> 00:58:24.750
That its.

400
00:58:26.610 --> 00:58:27.060
effects and.

401
00:58:30.450 --> 00:58:40.110
BRF2 4103: strengthen the relationship between the therapist and the patient to and that's kind of one of the other things that are looking at, but they've also done.

402
00:58:41.700 --> 00:59:04.710
BRF2 4103: relatively little data of what this perspective means, but what we see in with like rat race been treated with psilocybin analyse is that they can see an increase in to genesis and to predict branching overall connectivity between areas that.

403
00:59:06.330 --> 00:59:13.230
People, especially in depression there's like increase connect to the furious that are kind of demons it.

404
00:59:15.930 --> 00:59:16.740
is still kind of.

405
00:59:18.030 --> 00:59:21.090
relatively unknown what's actually happening.

406
00:59:22.620 --> 00:59:32.670
i'm kind of interested in looking at it and these effects, especially with drugs, the first thing i'm going to do is to dose response herbs for all of these trucks.

407
00:59:33.330 --> 00:59:42.000
we're conditioned to see you know kind of been it's been anything that will that DNA testing of these properties are really high doses.

408
00:59:45.360 --> 00:59:53.670
BRF2 4103: But we want to see if it's the music property consolidating the memory, when you have an edge at the disparate valuing the memory.

409
00:59:54.270 --> 01:00:05.040
BRF2 4103: that's that's something that will look at further down the line, again more again three different phases either a low dose like producing situation where they're.

410
01:00:06.480 --> 01:00:10.560
Facilitating extinction, for instance, in which case study of.

411
01:00:12.750 --> 01:00:20.100
The Association page that trauma event for really high doses that might be administered just wants her a few times.

412
01:00:23.010 --> 01:00:26.640
Completely either reconsolidated very valuable.

413
01:00:31.590 --> 01:00:35.190
BRF2 4103: Very much okay we'll move on to the next ball.

414
01:00:41.880 --> 01:00:48.240
hi everyone, my name is Honda i'm a second year PhD student in DR history art practice program at ucsd.

415
01:00:48.870 --> 01:01:01.230
my dissertation research examines the history of sculpture, as it unfolded in modern Turkey, focusing on a group of artists who had a sustained interest in human origins, especially pertaining to the Holocene epoch.

416
01:01:03.090 --> 01:01:12.300
These artists rose to prominence in the 19th century, when archaeology was a nascent field in Turkey and sculptors were often employed to work on excavations of ancient sites.

417
01:01:14.250 --> 01:01:28.770
For instance, artists, such as those one on debate and the Armand first gun were employed in 1883 to lead it the excavations at mount name route, where an ancient religious century with a number of large statues erected in the first century BC were found.

418
01:01:29.820 --> 01:01:34.590
In this photograph we see your smile i'm debate working on excavation of nimrod in 1883.

419
01:01:36.690 --> 01:01:46.110
Discovering and excavating artifacts from the Donald the civilization where our new the thick and bronze age ancestors changed from hunter gatherers to organize societies.

420
01:01:46.470 --> 01:01:53.490
With agriculture ritual and understanding of wider world had a tremendous impact on the creative processes of these artists.

421
01:01:54.690 --> 01:02:03.000
Often, incorporating the imagery found on the excavation sites these artists were able to form their own arts movement known as the Tolkien humanism.

422
01:02:03.840 --> 01:02:13.200
and arts movement from stumble where artists produce work exploring the evolutionary origins of humans through incorporating motifs and symbols on their head by the excavation sites in Antalya.

423
01:02:15.240 --> 01:02:22.950
In this photograph we see one of the proponents of this movement, a bit in the know with a replica he made or they had figures excavated from shuttle Luke.

424
01:02:25.350 --> 01:02:34.860
The influence of this arts movement is still visible in the cultural practices of contemporary artists from Turkey their new works in conversation with more recent excavations such as.

425
01:02:38.910 --> 01:02:53.850
For instance, Turkish artists in ambition is recent exhibition looking at the big dipper which was shown in 2020 was inspired by the completion of the excavations that go back to tippett and Neolithic archaeological site near the city of Chicago for.

426
01:02:55.710 --> 01:03:04.290
Our exhibition featured replicas of tools found on the site May by the artist, this is another image from the artists exhibition.

427
01:03:05.580 --> 01:03:17.640
And yeah lastly i'm one of the new students have Carter program so I didn't have the opportunity to join the car to symposia yet, but being part of the entrepreneur journey track informed by research in an invaluable way.

428
01:03:18.120 --> 01:03:30.660
helping me to mediate between different types of knowledge basis to for digital my trans disciplinary dissertation research that brings together the fields of artistry and entrepreneur journey, thank you for listening.

429
01:03:47.430 --> 01:03:47.610
BRF2 4103: For.

430
01:03:50.400 --> 01:03:57.000
BRF2 4103: Artists were recognized we're interested in the forums and materials only or also in the process.

431
01:04:03.210 --> 01:04:03.720
and

432
01:04:04.890 --> 01:04:06.180
i'll be working.

433
01:04:09.600 --> 01:04:10.020
original.

434
01:04:11.220 --> 01:04:29.820
The back kind of changed oversight so support the purpose of practitioners, it was mostly replicating said you sit and listen to your calls cce, but if you become two or three times, for example, she she said rushing to sit in on these two rooms and.

435
01:04:31.350 --> 01:04:35.040
It goes so if there's a shift within the hardest thing.

436
01:04:36.150 --> 01:04:42.840
To to to also more deeper analysis and understanding of origin and relationships with these sites.

437
01:04:46.560 --> 01:04:59.910
BRF2 4103: So I think we can question somebody early sculptures were from a time predating metal it's and so that brings up this incredible conundrum, how do you call a stone with another stone.

438
01:05:00.960 --> 01:05:10.830
BRF2 4103: By the amount of knowledge that must have been around, then of course you know stone tools are among the major evidence we can still find back to millions of years ago.

439
01:05:12.330 --> 01:05:22.800
BRF2 4103: How i'm just fascinated by this idea, do you think about what kind of knowledge, was there around the site that this is a stock car, but now the question is.

440
01:05:25.020 --> 01:05:25.350
BRF2 4103: Just.

441
01:05:27.240 --> 01:05:27.780
I think that.

442
01:05:31.080 --> 01:05:31.830
BRF2 4103: The sex.

443
01:05:34.110 --> 01:05:35.790
Part of it is sufficient and.

444
01:05:38.580 --> 01:05:39.900
BRF2 4103: Especially the place like your.

445
01:05:41.670 --> 01:05:45.600
qualities that are in there, I production.

446
01:05:46.980 --> 01:05:47.220
or.

447
01:05:48.360 --> 01:05:49.080
science.

448
01:05:51.300 --> 01:05:53.460
BRF2 4103: or me and I, as I gather, for me to look.

449
01:05:57.390 --> 01:06:02.190
BRF2 4103: At all these stick to sculpt things without thermal tree.

450
01:06:03.480 --> 01:06:05.070
BRF2 4103: Without firing killing.

451
01:06:42.990 --> 01:06:44.940
BRF2 4103: mauled by a crow.

452
01:06:49.260 --> 01:06:59.100
BRF2 4103: Laws so how long ceramic yeah it's that like if you could have been going to this site for like you know, presumably if they need it like like.

453
01:07:01.680 --> 01:07:02.010
Like.

454
01:07:03.870 --> 01:07:14.340
BRF2 4103: Like if people names out, you know, like dude can you break them down enough, and you wouldn't know if they were that in this 10 at night, I know, the oldest ceramics are over 20,000.

455
01:07:15.840 --> 01:07:23.220
BRF2 4103: From out of state Republic but I knew I had in China 20,000 plus in Japan, some older than finding.

456
01:07:23.940 --> 01:07:39.900
BRF2 4103: an NGO chemically the place, you know you can analyze it you slice the way he can analyze where they came from where all the aggregate was added to the play so it's a highly reliable, you cannot lose the signature of pottery if it was.

457
01:07:42.210 --> 01:07:44.730
BRF2 4103: A good thing to know, unlike fiber technology yeah.

458
01:07:46.110 --> 01:07:46.530
Yes.

459
01:07:48.390 --> 01:07:55.680
BRF2 4103: So, like this is played we artists, like the original artists that might be other artists.

460
01:07:56.850 --> 01:08:09.210
BRF2 4103: In the making of these items are going to say something about what we images from house versus now like it sort of a piece of what they might say.

461
01:08:11.700 --> 01:08:13.170
yeah I mean.

462
01:08:14.340 --> 01:08:16.740
This is possible, so that leads me to.

463
01:08:17.760 --> 01:08:26.760
Another thing that they're interested in this immersive experience is 40 years and he tries to construct.

464
01:08:27.870 --> 01:08:32.940
Going into the slides and explanations that signature concert I.

465
01:08:34.530 --> 01:08:38.970
Was I mean concepts of the artists explore.

466
01:08:40.740 --> 01:08:45.540
yeah they kind of the other side is used to be essential fatty like.

467
01:08:48.870 --> 01:09:01.200
Construction of mashable as like story is green yes so that's a little solo SOS in Africa in Turkey is a place for this many affinity the cities are all at home.

468
01:09:02.610 --> 01:09:18.480
It would have to a one, it has to because a single nation with a single adjusted it cetera So these are also came together against that overarching narrative say no we're most of what we have a couple of us.

469
01:09:21.150 --> 01:09:22.800
want something that is larger than.

470
01:09:26.670 --> 01:09:29.010
BRF2 4103: Excellent Thank you so much.

471
01:09:30.090 --> 01:09:31.080
Next week we'll be.

472
01:09:32.220 --> 01:09:32.850
BRF2 4103: Talking about.

473
01:09:37.980 --> 01:09:47.310
i'm to nourish and i'm a Grad student in the psychology department and i'm really interested in music and sound and how they hold a lot of surprising information social information.

474
01:09:47.760 --> 01:10:01.350
So today i'm going to give you a super speedy tour of all my research projects and hopefully give you a sense of how Carta has impacted this work, not only by being an extremely informative resource for content, but also by helping me think more creatively.

475
01:10:02.490 --> 01:10:13.260
My first project connects music and social judgments, I was interested in exploring what kinds of social judgments, we make about others when we see them engaging with or enjoying music.

476
01:10:13.740 --> 01:10:19.950
So we read some experiments and found that musicality is interwoven with some really impactful social judgments.

477
01:10:20.490 --> 01:10:29.520
Simply, knowing that an entity was musical made participants judge them as more wrong to harm than matched neutral or non musical counterparts.

478
01:10:29.940 --> 01:10:37.980
It also made people think of them as more intelligent more emotionally sensitive and even more capable of basic physical sensations like pain and hunger.

479
01:10:38.640 --> 01:10:44.880
We saw this with human characters but also with animals like monkeys and this work just got published a few weeks ago, so that's exciting.

480
01:10:46.530 --> 01:10:57.090
So, now that we've established these findings, the next step is to apply them to real world social issues, for example, we could promote animal conservation, by providing evidence of animal musicality.

481
01:10:57.690 --> 01:11:07.350
This strategy has worked in the past with whales when scientists demonstrated that whales had a rich sophisticated song culture people started finding them more wrong to harm.

482
01:11:08.040 --> 01:11:18.180
Colonel has really helped me think about animal musicality a few symposia ago I was paired with Ani patel, who was a pioneer in that field, and it was really great to interact with and learn from him.

483
01:11:18.990 --> 01:11:26.100
The Carta advanced grab course was also really helpful because I did in depth research on animal musicality for a mocha entry.

484
01:11:27.150 --> 01:11:31.980
A second application that i'm thinking about deals with marginalized communities in our society.

485
01:11:32.640 --> 01:11:43.320
people's negative attitudes towards certain groups has big impacts, one example of a problematic behavior is dehumanization or the denying of full humaneness to others.

486
01:11:43.800 --> 01:11:54.000
ethnic and racial others have often been represented as barbarians who lack culture and self restraint or they've even been directly likened to animals like apes pigs rats are insects.

487
01:11:54.720 --> 01:12:07.650
At a car, does the Boise and this year mark moffitt made some very interesting comments about animal human similarity and how people bring marginalized groups like immigrants, down to the level of ants in the ways they refer to them.

488
01:12:08.370 --> 01:12:17.280
Do humanizing people makes killing them easier and it's so it plays a role in hate crimes of genocides, but it also is present on a smaller scale in everyday life.

489
01:12:18.210 --> 01:12:29.700
So what factors drive such attitudes, it turns out, the people are more likely to be treated cruelly if they're thought of as having lower mental capacities like emotionality and intelligence.

490
01:12:30.120 --> 01:12:38.070
And now, these happened to be the exact judgments that we just showed, we can move the Needle, on by demonstrating others as musicality so we wanted to test that.

491
01:12:39.150 --> 01:12:45.030
The plan is to introduce people to a marginalized character and get some baseline measures of social attitudes towards them.

492
01:12:45.840 --> 01:12:59.190
then provide information about the characters musicality and again measure social attitudes to see if our intervention had an impact, we received a grant from the grammy foundation to start this project this summer so stay tuned for the results.

493
01:13:00.450 --> 01:13:11.970
Okay, so back to the original idea that music impact social judgments another way in which i'm building on this is by asking whether my findings are specific to music itself and I don't actually think they are.

494
01:13:12.570 --> 01:13:25.920
Music, maybe one example of an activity that gives people social info in a quick convincing way, but if you saw that someone enjoyed dance or poetry or art or even the beauty of nature, you might make very similar judgments.

495
01:13:26.340 --> 01:13:29.910
These are all aesthetic activities related to judgments of beauty.

496
01:13:30.420 --> 01:13:37.500
And they demonstrate others his ability to value things for their intrinsic worth rather than for their usefulness towards some goal.

497
01:13:37.890 --> 01:13:52.170
I actually had this idea, during a previous Carter symposium Linda Mr Sean was talking about animal play and how play is organically, free from external goals and I realized that's very similar to aesthetic enjoyment people do these things, simply because they enjoy them.

498
01:13:53.190 --> 01:14:01.050
And indeed, and experimental work, we found that these aesthetic activities all grouped together in the social influences people made from observing them.

499
01:14:01.380 --> 01:14:16.890
So when comparing someone doing an activity for aesthetic reasons and someone else doing the same activity to achieve a goal people always choose the aesthetically motivated characters as being more emotionally sensitive more compassionate towards others and less selfish or manipulative.

500
01:14:18.360 --> 01:14:26.100
My last project expands out from music to everyday sounds humans are really good at extracting meaning from subtle differences in sound.

501
01:14:26.550 --> 01:14:33.840
And one surprising example of this is that just from hearing the sound of water being poured people can actually judge its temperature.

502
01:14:34.440 --> 01:14:39.120
How does this super new on skill, develop and can young children also do this.

503
01:14:39.780 --> 01:14:49.200
One alternative is that we learn to do this by accumulating experience with such sounds over our lifespan in this case young children should not be able to hear water temperature.

504
01:14:49.650 --> 01:14:54.510
contrastingly developmental psychology suggests that such perceptual skills may be innate.

505
01:14:54.930 --> 01:15:01.500
In fact conversations with Pascal had been really valuable to help me think about historical reasons why this may actually be quite an old school.

506
01:15:02.190 --> 01:15:10.320
So what does the data show we found the children over six years can accurately make these judgments, but younger children three to six years cannot.

507
01:15:10.620 --> 01:15:15.420
Even though they understand the concepts of hot and cold, by then, and can identify other common sounds.

508
01:15:15.930 --> 01:15:28.650
Adults his abilities were also related to how often they heard such sounds in everyday life, so it seems like such skills are a somewhat experience dependent, thank you all for listening and a big thank you to Carter for supporting all this work.

509
01:15:40.260 --> 01:15:46.860
BRF2 4103: yeah I was wondering so kind of taken the opposite direction, whether you're.

510
01:15:48.180 --> 01:15:52.650
BRF2 4103: Whether people in general have looked at the idea that people will like didn't I.

511
01:15:54.540 --> 01:15:57.000
BRF2 4103: Like groups that they don't like.

512
01:15:58.260 --> 01:16:13.980
BRF2 4103: aesthetic endeavors as a way to have some avoid to humanize so like say you know, like if we say like Oh, this is a real music or this is real or something as a way to not have to acknowledge them like it's funny it's.

513
01:16:15.540 --> 01:16:21.450
Tanushree Agrawal: yeah that's totally a thing, so if you if you look at there's just so many examples of people actually.

514
01:16:22.110 --> 01:16:29.970
Tanushree Agrawal: using other cultures as music or what they what they don't count as music as like lesser music or lesser art.

515
01:16:30.360 --> 01:16:38.490
Tanushree Agrawal: In a way to in a way to dehumanize them or even like think of them as like savage or you know that kind of stuff so it's the flip of this is totally true.

516
01:16:38.880 --> 01:16:44.550
Tanushree Agrawal: And you actually even see that not just in like like race by race, but you actually see that.

517
01:16:45.480 --> 01:16:55.020
Tanushree Agrawal: Even on a new people people kind of you know you say you like country music there's there's certain types of music that are deemed more sophisticated and intelligent than others, and like.

518
01:16:55.260 --> 01:17:00.120
Tanushree Agrawal: You tell someone you like classical music they're making very different judgments about you than saying you like you know.

519
01:17:00.870 --> 01:17:08.310
Tanushree Agrawal: Country music or pop music or something like that so so that's definitely happening, and I think it's a really interesting point that like.

520
01:17:09.000 --> 01:17:20.550
Tanushree Agrawal: we've really like kind of sidestepped this and just talking about music at a at a at a big level, but like you cannot ignore the fact that there are there are these like type effects very at the different type of music.

521
01:17:22.230 --> 01:17:27.540
Tanushree Agrawal: yeah like, for example, things like drumming have been traditionally seen as like a lot more.

522
01:17:28.770 --> 01:17:37.320
Tanushree Agrawal: A lot less sophisticated than like other types of you know, like the other types of music and that kind of stuff so yeah you're right on the money there.

523
01:17:43.980 --> 01:17:45.300
score degenerate are.

524
01:17:47.130 --> 01:17:57.000
We even I think justin like what's the matter with Jewish, which was facing the trailblazer for water.

525
01:17:58.830 --> 01:18:04.830
officer music was had to be really read found like 17 so.

526
01:18:06.480 --> 01:18:07.770
Really successfully also.

527
01:18:09.660 --> 01:18:11.610
Make rewrite history.

528
01:18:14.520 --> 01:18:22.110
BRF2 4103: there's a famous antics over that rubbish rubbish on god's real quick like reading music or simple European classical.

529
01:18:26.910 --> 01:18:28.500
classical music or real user.

530
01:18:30.750 --> 01:18:31.170
BRF2 4103: Emily.

531
01:18:32.850 --> 01:18:33.390
BRF2 4103: Emily.

532
01:18:34.740 --> 01:18:37.830
Emily Davis: yeah very interesting talk and.

533
01:18:38.160 --> 01:18:48.780
Emily Davis: I was thinking that a lot of what you said about the perception of music, as it relates to intelligence or quote unquote humanity, I think a lot of the same could apply to language.

534
01:18:49.680 --> 01:18:59.220
Emily Davis: there's a whole lot in the popular press about how the species has language and sometimes the results are a bit overstated, but I think that kind of thing could be very.

535
01:18:59.640 --> 01:19:07.950
Emily Davis: very useful in a way for making people care about other animals, so I definitely think that this is another way in which, using.

536
01:19:09.060 --> 01:19:22.950
Emily Davis: Can language are closely linked is and how we perceive them as hallmarks of being human and, likewise, as you said that simple varieties of music are more stigmatized regarding or negatively, the same is true of minority dialects or foreign languages.

537
01:19:24.420 --> 01:19:29.430
Tanushree Agrawal: yeah it's interesting I will you say that because, like people who study animal musicality.

538
01:19:30.390 --> 01:19:41.520
Tanushree Agrawal: They they they like just tend to also be experts at animal like language or this is language in general, so they're looking at language and music link so that kind of stuff I mentioned arnie patel in this and he's like i'm.

539
01:19:42.030 --> 01:19:56.700
Tanushree Agrawal: Also very well established in like understanding language and language music links and and that kind of stuff so yeah those two go hand in hand completely and there's a lot of parallels and the stuff that i've talked about which is kind of something that I was trying to.

540
01:19:57.870 --> 01:20:04.650
Tanushree Agrawal: trying to get at by saying that, like a lot of this stuff that you know it seems like it's all about music, but it isn't it's there's something deeper there it's like.

541
01:20:05.730 --> 01:20:12.240
Tanushree Agrawal: people being able to connect to someone else, or like being able to see similarity in someone else and that kind of stuff so yeah.

542
01:20:16.980 --> 01:20:18.630
BRF2 4103: I love this topic as well.

543
01:20:20.130 --> 01:20:21.720
Tanushree Agrawal: I can preempt to your question.

544
01:20:27.120 --> 01:20:37.050
Tanushree Agrawal: So it needs to be brought up with the whales and the oil songs and everything for convenience people like Oh, this is music and everything like that sort of.

545
01:20:37.350 --> 01:20:43.530
BRF2 4103: raises our regardless or the humanity of Wales like they are close to us and some really cool.

546
01:20:43.560 --> 01:20:44.820
Tanushree Agrawal: yeah right.

547
01:20:45.780 --> 01:21:02.970
BRF2 4103: And then kind of going off of other questions about like certain types of music, we see is nothing, what is it about this like human animals have by that is different, I guess, like a human was wondering what was I thinking whale sounds music away like all the side of us why.

548
01:21:05.310 --> 01:21:16.890
Tanushree Agrawal: yeah I think it's like I think it's a question of like scale to some extent, and like where you're like baseline benchmark is like you already didn't think of like.

549
01:21:17.400 --> 01:21:28.350
Tanushree Agrawal: Like, at least in the time of this research, people were like using whale blubber to like make cat food, and all this other stuff and like you're ready weren't like you, they were have a pretty little moral standing to begin with.

550
01:21:28.710 --> 01:21:38.340
Tanushree Agrawal: And so, when you show when you show that they have like sophisticated song cultures and these songs are evolving over time and it's like really actually very cool wheels on researchers really cool.

551
01:21:38.760 --> 01:21:45.870
Tanushree Agrawal: And they're not doing it to attract a mate you know it's kind of different from birdsong they're really it seems to be doing it because they enjoy it and they have this in their culture.

552
01:21:47.010 --> 01:21:57.360
Tanushree Agrawal: Then you suddenly are able to move the needle because they're already starting pretty low, but I think, maybe like one one like one way we've thought about this is that when you're starting with other humans.

553
01:21:57.930 --> 01:22:05.760
Tanushree Agrawal: you're kind of you know you're kind of on a higher plane to start with, and so these smaller changes, making it like make an impact and can push you down almost.

554
01:22:06.210 --> 01:22:13.290
Tanushree Agrawal: into like moral standing you know kind of scale when you're thinking about this does that make sense, a little bit or am I not being clear like.

555
01:22:15.030 --> 01:22:18.630
Tanushree Agrawal: The point of comparison right yeah yeah.

556
01:22:21.330 --> 01:22:21.840
BRF2 4103: yeah.

557
01:22:23.580 --> 01:22:26.040
Tanushree Agrawal: yeah yeah excellent.

558
01:22:27.120 --> 01:22:27.450
BRF2 4103: Next.

559
01:22:28.500 --> 01:22:29.610
Tanushree Agrawal: To the schedule we're actually.

560
01:22:29.610 --> 01:22:33.360
BRF2 4103: Surprisingly, go so next week, we will be Kendall currents.

561
01:22:36.840 --> 01:22:49.530
BRF2 4103: hi everyone, my name is Kendall currents i'm a second year PhD student and upon medical sciences program and today i'll be talking a little bit about one of my pieces projects in my experience.

562
01:22:52.440 --> 01:22:58.140
So one of my projects is focused on characterizing unconventional T cells in TV.

563
01:22:59.880 --> 01:23:11.520
So first a little bit of background on to be, it is an infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs and it's caused by bacteria called mycobacterium tuberculosis.

564
01:23:13.470 --> 01:23:26.460
It is one of the top infectious infectious disease killers in the world in 2018 almost 2 billion people were infected and every year there are roughly 1.5 million deaths.

565
01:23:27.960 --> 01:23:38.070
But vaccines, a diagnostic tests aren't super effective in TV and so that that begs the need to understand the immune responses.

566
01:23:38.940 --> 01:23:55.500
NTP to design more effective methods and part of the reason for this is because TB exists as a spectrum of disease see it ranges from infection is eliminated to activity good disease, with increasing symptoms and bacterial load.

567
01:23:56.880 --> 01:24:02.940
and individuals in each of these main stages can actually go back and forth, depending on their response.

568
01:24:04.800 --> 01:24:05.400
So.

569
01:24:07.050 --> 01:24:16.260
One of the main players in the immune response are is T cells and a subset of these T cells are called unconventional T cells.

570
01:24:17.730 --> 01:24:28.860
So these are less common in the body compared to the regular of T cells and they have different more conserved molecules that allows them to recognize for material like bacteria.

571
01:24:30.690 --> 01:24:40.590
And they are also relatively understudied compared to the regular T cells, but they have been suggested to contribute to the new response against TV.

572
01:24:41.670 --> 01:25:00.930
However, they have not been really studied in detail across the TV spectrum and so i'm working towards characterizing the cells and different TV disease contexts using methods like RNA sequencing and measuring the expression of proteins really into a new function.

573
01:25:03.390 --> 01:25:24.000
So on to my Carta experience i've participated in two symposia and I really enjoyed those experiences, despite the symposia being virtual i've learned a lot from each of the talks and i'm a little surprised, to be honest, that all all the speakers have been so good.

574
01:25:26.310 --> 01:25:29.730
BRF2 4103: And then moving on to enter progeny interests.

575
01:25:30.810 --> 01:25:34.920
Of course i'm interested in the immune system and unconditional T cells.

576
01:25:36.210 --> 01:25:50.100
Will bit of background on this again, so there are multiple subsets of unconventional T cells that all kind of recognize the same things, and the figure on the right here shows the conservation of one of these subsets of process payments PCs.

577
01:25:51.510 --> 01:26:06.630
So Questions i'm interested in include how unconventional T cells evolved do they have off before or after the majority cells, why do we have redundancy and before material recognized by these T cells.

578
01:26:07.680 --> 01:26:16.890
And how has this changed through our human evolution and has there been any selection of specific aspects in development and activation.

579
01:26:18.930 --> 01:26:25.500
Arturs Semenuks: And kind of related to this, as inflammation and depression so again little bit of background.

580
01:26:26.850 --> 01:26:40.440
Arturs Semenuks: evolutionary pressures and resulted in the formation of an inflammatory bias that allow humans to conserve energy for fighting infection moves, while maintaining visual incidence attack.

581
01:26:41.790 --> 01:26:51.390
However, modern times these pressures don't really exist, but the environmental and social challenges kind of instigate this inflammatory bias.

582
01:26:52.560 --> 01:26:57.090
which results in high rates of information related disorders such as depression.

583
01:26:59.070 --> 01:27:01.530
So some of the questions that i'm interested in.

584
01:27:02.910 --> 01:27:10.980
Our when did this planetary bias crop up what pathogens contributed to its formation and how has this changed about time.

585
01:27:12.300 --> 01:27:21.300
You can imagine like with different versions of different pathogens or pandemics me this that has also contributed to it in some ways.

586
01:27:22.530 --> 01:27:27.120
And also, of course, what role if any do unconventional T cells playing this.

587
01:27:28.740 --> 01:27:31.800
says unconventional T cells recognize.

588
01:27:33.030 --> 01:27:44.940
The same things basically often microbes I wonder if they might have played a role in contributing to the generation of the infantry bias.

589
01:27:46.320 --> 01:27:51.000
yeah so that's that and thank you for listening and I look forward to talking with you guys soon.

590
01:27:57.690 --> 01:27:58.260
No, we don't.

591
01:28:03.570 --> 01:28:03.900
handle.

592
01:28:08.730 --> 01:28:09.390
BRF2 4103: i'm sorry.

593
01:28:11.070 --> 01:28:16.410
BRF2 4103: I i'm curious if you have come across fellow GB researchers who.

594
01:28:18.210 --> 01:28:24.900
BRF2 4103: Take the idea seriously that there might have been a coalition between fire us and exposure to smoke MTV.

595
01:28:25.890 --> 01:28:32.490
BRF2 4103: Given that, and this is the mark Sinatra was back in Australia, and it was at Stanford wrote a really beautiful DNS paper.

596
01:28:33.060 --> 01:28:49.980
BRF2 4103: arguing that you know fire brings people together and damages their lungs and nothing could be better for something like TV TV is admittedly as old as modern humans have you have you come across this idea at all outside of class possibility, I mentioned that in the roadmap.

597
01:28:52.170 --> 01:28:52.980
Kendall Kearns (she/her): yeah no.

598
01:28:54.000 --> 01:28:56.820
Kendall Kearns (she/her): I haven't come across that at all.

599
01:28:58.830 --> 01:29:01.170
Kendall Kearns (she/her): yeah I haven't read many papers on.

600
01:29:03.090 --> 01:29:06.540
Kendall Kearns (she/her): Like TV, in general, mostly focused on like the T cell side of it.

601
01:29:09.690 --> 01:29:16.830
Kendall Kearns (she/her): But yeah people don't really know at least in the papers i've seen they don't really look at the evolutionary aspect of to be.

602
01:29:17.910 --> 01:29:26.850
BRF2 4103: Just a brief comment, but you know this idea of a very distant pathogen changing the set point of inflammatory bias.

603
01:29:27.360 --> 01:29:32.160
BRF2 4103: resulting now in modern humans in something mental and cognitive.

604
01:29:32.850 --> 01:29:43.200
BRF2 4103: is an idea that I spend a lot of time talking about in the context of growing area and on time, or is it stuff like that, so I this is music to my ears that you think about.

605
01:29:43.830 --> 01:30:01.380
BRF2 4103: You know how something unrelated to TV or you know could have could have changed, how we do inflammation and now that, in the modern setting influences our depression rates with that, I think this is extremely promising thinking that a lot of people don't do.

606
01:30:04.110 --> 01:30:06.840
Kendall Kearns (she/her): yeah yeah but it might be hard to.

607
01:30:10.260 --> 01:30:12.150
BRF2 4103: Rapidly they might be long gone right.

608
01:30:12.210 --> 01:30:13.260
Kendall Kearns (she/her): yeah exactly.

609
01:30:14.010 --> 01:30:15.000
BRF2 4103: fixated on those.

610
01:30:16.620 --> 01:30:24.180
BRF2 4103: boots and the one culprit might have been long you know evolved into something else or gone extinct altogether.

611
01:30:27.900 --> 01:30:28.980
BRF2 4103: Nicholas and the question.

612
01:30:30.390 --> 01:30:41.490
BRF2 4103: What do these unconventional T cells recognize it was an unconventional route and is there a like direct relationship to TV with your they are the President, the lungs, are they.

613
01:30:42.750 --> 01:30:43.140
BRF2 4103: sending out.

614
01:30:43.170 --> 01:30:43.470
yeah.

615
01:30:46.290 --> 01:30:47.940
Kendall Kearns (she/her): Sending sorry was less part.

616
01:30:48.780 --> 01:30:50.250
BRF2 4103: Are they changing the cell signaling.

617
01:30:53.070 --> 01:31:04.020
Kendall Kearns (she/her): Okay yeah so I guess you know T cells, the main subset that I focus on are called gamma delta T cells, they focus, or they recognize.

618
01:31:05.730 --> 01:31:09.600
Kendall Kearns (she/her): These things, called fossil antigens like phosphor elated.

619
01:31:10.620 --> 01:31:15.810
Kendall Kearns (she/her): pieces of material from microbes, in particular, and so TV.

620
01:31:18.030 --> 01:31:24.090
Kendall Kearns (she/her): there's been a few papers that have shown, I think, at least two specific.

621
01:31:25.650 --> 01:31:28.800
Kendall Kearns (she/her): antigens that gamma delta T cells recognize.

622
01:31:31.530 --> 01:31:41.850
Kendall Kearns (she/her): And kind of same thing for the other subsets to like the only the only recognize like a very conserved number of antigens from my groups.

623
01:31:43.470 --> 01:31:46.770
Kendall Kearns (she/her): And so yeah they just don't have as much.

624
01:31:49.260 --> 01:31:53.100
Kendall Kearns (she/her): breath in their energy repertoire as like regular T cells.

625
01:31:54.840 --> 01:32:01.590
Kendall Kearns (she/her): And those yeah I think they would be produced in the lungs when you're affecting the TV if that's what you're asking.

626
01:32:06.600 --> 01:32:06.930
For.

627
01:32:08.910 --> 01:32:18.030
Kendall Kearns (she/her): Oh Look, we got some T cell people in here, I tried to stay clear of like immunology stuff um but yeah so.

628
01:32:18.780 --> 01:32:34.710
Kendall Kearns (she/her): They are l gamma delta is specifically are mostly see before CDA double negative actually but other subsets of unconventional T cells like mate cells or entities can be city for positive receive the positive.

629
01:32:35.940 --> 01:32:40.530
Kendall Kearns (she/her): But they also can be double negative as well, so kind of just depends.

630
01:32:41.850 --> 01:32:43.890
BRF2 4103: Do they have any free with that yeah.

631
01:32:44.310 --> 01:32:48.270
Kendall Kearns (she/her): yeah they do have see three well i'm surprised.

632
01:32:49.530 --> 01:32:49.980
Kendall Kearns (she/her): Yes.

633
01:32:55.650 --> 01:32:58.140
BRF2 4103: I shared a paper with a little early today that's.

634
01:32:59.520 --> 01:33:09.300
BRF2 4103: My younger brother who was one of the offers on what they found quite surprisingly, maybe not surprisingly fed TV seems to have evolved a bait for T cells.

635
01:33:09.840 --> 01:33:26.430
BRF2 4103: Because the bacterium actually benefits from a certain that your reaction to the MTV the two particles are actually bacteria that are surrounded by their users, so, not the other factors can do they actually exploring the very universe fault that you were involved, tried to kill.

636
01:33:27.720 --> 01:33:32.880
BRF2 4103: tug of war, rapid go evolutionary arms race, Simon canvas site.

637
01:33:34.680 --> 01:33:39.330
Kendall Kearns (she/her): yeah yeah and the granulomas yeah they can be pro.

638
01:33:40.380 --> 01:33:42.780
Kendall Kearns (she/her): microbe, but they can also be anti microbe.

639
01:33:44.850 --> 01:33:54.060
Kendall Kearns (she/her): And it just kind of depends it's actually really interesting that, like even in the same individual the granulomas can have vastly different outcomes.

640
01:33:55.980 --> 01:34:00.330
Kendall Kearns (she/her): And also like late forming granulomas there was a paper that came out recently.

641
01:34:01.530 --> 01:34:20.040
Kendall Kearns (she/her): Late forming granulomas in mechanics have lower bacterial burden compared to the early forming ones they authors think that it's due to the Kenyan is forming in a more like an environment that has more of an immune response already so kind of like.

642
01:34:21.270 --> 01:34:24.540
Kendall Kearns (she/her): The tapes there the formation of granulomas.

643
01:34:27.870 --> 01:34:28.170
yeah.

644
01:34:30.390 --> 01:34:32.910
Kendall Kearns (she/her): That is definitely definitely older.

645
01:34:39.300 --> 01:34:45.720
Hello everyone, my name is stephanie holden i'm going to be talking today about my time within Carta.

646
01:34:48.360 --> 01:35:02.580
So getting right into it i'm going to start by kind of going over who I am and what exactly it is I do, I am currently a fourth year PhD candidate in experimental psychology with a focus specifically on social psychology.

647
01:35:04.290 --> 01:35:07.920
my dissertation work can kind of be divided up into two parts.

648
01:35:08.640 --> 01:35:22.620
The first part of my line of research looks at how exactly we define what it means to be human specifically exploring sort of full conceptions of humanists across different cultural and demographic groups.

649
01:35:23.400 --> 01:35:40.290
Using this as a foundation for part two, which looks out when exactly people deny or tribute these culturally relevant definitions of humaneness to in groups out groups and other entities such as religious icons animals and on tamika.

650
01:35:40.680 --> 01:35:44.850
This work is very much embedded within the dehumanization literature.

651
01:35:46.290 --> 01:35:51.030
I also want to just briefly mentioned some of the other work that i've been doing, including.

652
01:35:51.930 --> 01:35:59.760
Blind of research that explores differences and cultural expectations on life scripts within the romantic domain so love life scripts.

653
01:36:00.210 --> 01:36:12.900
And how by cultural people navigate competing scripts so if one cultural group says this is how your love life should look at another says something quite different, how is it that by cultural people navigate both inputs.

654
01:36:14.280 --> 01:36:20.250
i'm also examining differences in perception amongst white Hispanic flashlight and next and Asian groups.

655
01:36:20.910 --> 01:36:34.380
towards racially motivated miss treatments against agents within the present day us So how do these different groups sort of perceived this treatments against Asians within America and what sorts of factors might mediate those perceptions.

656
01:36:35.730 --> 01:36:46.680
Early i'm also investigating obstacles that hinder climate change beliefs and how those obstacles prevent people from turning that belief into climate change action.

657
01:36:51.270 --> 01:37:00.600
pivoting now to sort of my experience with another part of program thus far, specifically looking at my symposia experiences in the past i've been paired with.

658
01:37:01.170 --> 01:37:08.490
awesome people, including alyssa credit in poly weisner and Barbara Perry, whereas this year I was fortunate enough to also be paired with.

659
01:37:09.060 --> 01:37:15.570
jonah Western who looks at conservation, with the msl need national park, as well as around the world.

660
01:37:16.020 --> 01:37:20.880
On our conversations have led to a lot of insights especially towards my climate change.

661
01:37:21.270 --> 01:37:36.990
Action research likewise i've been fortunate to be also paired with Alice gorman and just this last symposium who studies the Kessler syndrome looking at sort of space debris around earth and possible implications for that in the future.

662
01:37:40.470 --> 01:37:52.410
i'm really looking at sort of my high level anthropology any interest, I am interested in exploring how different cultures, both of mine and experience what it means to be humans.

663
01:37:52.890 --> 01:38:01.740
Given the anthropology any look at sort of human origins, I think it's very interesting to take this sort of different perspective and understanding what that human experience is.

664
01:38:02.070 --> 01:38:20.400
Around the world, amongst different groups and how that might impact, how we perceive the world around us, as well as others within it, likewise i'm also in person, what influences who exactly we let be humid and when, as well as cultural universals and differences amongst this question.

665
01:38:22.410 --> 01:38:32.130
Finally, in a more recent line of research that i'm interested in pursuing that it's pertinent, I think, to anthropology is sort of what.

666
01:38:32.580 --> 01:38:36.390
Do primal world beliefs do in terms of impacting.

667
01:38:36.990 --> 01:38:44.760
Who is human and who we deny humanists to so primal world beliefs, are these ideas about how exactly do the world such as.

668
01:38:45.000 --> 01:38:55.560
Is it an abundant versus bear in place hierarchical versus non hierarchical unprovable versus too hard to prove harmless versus dangerous interconnected versus animalistic and etc.

669
01:38:55.860 --> 01:39:09.930
And how different groups and different cultures might have these different worldviews might give us some sort of insight into how we perceive humaneness and what sorts of environments can impact and influence those perceptions, thank you.

670
01:39:25.620 --> 01:39:26.940
Arturs Semenuks: stephanie can you hear me well.

671
01:39:29.250 --> 01:39:40.830
Arturs Semenuks: So I have like maybe a slightly out there question but I guess like i'm wondering what do you make of like like you know people in certain religious, at least in certain religious like claim like it's a matter of like these, like enlightened states for like.

672
01:39:41.190 --> 01:39:51.240
Arturs Semenuks: it's not like other people aren't human like they themselves are human, but do you have you ever thought about that do you have any take on that and kind of like what that tells us about the question what it means to be human.

673
01:39:55.980 --> 01:40:11.610
BRF2 4103: Of right now even superhuman I think this idea that you're more than human so last slide that I showed it sort of this religious iconography of like a hierarchy of feelings are the great chain of being rather than we thought about pop up, I was like angel.

674
01:40:13.440 --> 01:40:21.630
BRF2 4103: Hello that, so I think when you're kind of putting on those individuals are different engines Google adwords for guys like prophets.

675
01:40:21.990 --> 01:40:27.870
BRF2 4103: Religious icon folks like that there's less work that goes into it, because if people can see it.

676
01:40:28.830 --> 01:40:33.240
BRF2 4103: You are there you have less the student record respects, but it's not necessary that.

677
01:40:33.570 --> 01:40:45.420
BRF2 4103: superhuman is people have more human characteristics, so, for example, if demonization is that you have less you know warm it's not necessarily that the more warm, because that will superhuman but.

678
01:40:46.080 --> 01:40:53.100
BRF2 4103: An interesting way to work, and I see like there's a little research on currently, but I think it's something that I would see for the future.

679
01:40:55.050 --> 01:40:55.710
Arturs Semenuks: awesome Thank you.

680
01:40:57.090 --> 01:40:57.450
Arturs Semenuks: So.

681
01:40:57.900 --> 01:41:06.090
BRF2 4103: it's not really fully fleshed out right, but this is something, but during that there would be like lots of ways, but i'm.

682
01:41:07.200 --> 01:41:13.590
BRF2 4103: Taking away some of the parents house, that means that we should keep them from like you're not function.

683
01:41:15.720 --> 01:41:24.690
On a question on it also why, why is it, why is it from from what I gather, like end of it like a species level, in some cases.

684
01:41:25.830 --> 01:41:36.180
BRF2 4103: So i'm going to try to touch on to buy dude like some people argue this even a fit either helps us with extremely acts of violence that just like genocides, and things like that.

685
01:41:36.420 --> 01:41:46.230
BRF2 4103: Whereas other people kind of argue that no it's just you just find it after the fact, so like the directionality of that it's still debated within the field.

686
01:41:47.310 --> 01:41:54.120
BRF2 4103: But book sort of rules of differentiation because originally stuff from the title at all, or two.

687
01:41:54.870 --> 01:42:08.310
BRF2 4103: CDs that's I think that's kind of where it comes from Southeast Asia in Berlin retro pay to kill, but nothing like the prototypical branch, for example, you still might be enough we're all allowed to live, I guess.

688
01:42:10.620 --> 01:42:14.790
BRF2 4103: This is like a cultural universal even like i'm.

689
01:42:15.690 --> 01:42:28.140
BRF2 4103: gonna be so great Dallas San demonization is measured specifically acuity characteristics, taken from Belgium students, like in one study and like that has been applied all over the world, where it's like what they did find a few business whatever fix.

690
01:42:28.770 --> 01:42:40.200
BRF2 4103: It so first my first time looking at like well, what does it mean to be human what what are things are going to be even using next see in the fulfilling relevant groups, I know, for example, like.

691
01:42:40.980 --> 01:42:55.560
BRF2 4103: The split up with you it's important to ask you to rate and out group your own group animals song out, especially given how much people are those fronts experience this thing get another scan a of sort of watch so.

692
01:42:57.630 --> 01:43:03.330
But that's all sort of local control cuteness utilization.

693
01:43:04.560 --> 01:43:06.210
And it seemed like people.

694
01:43:11.550 --> 01:43:16.620
BRF2 4103: that's the question i'm trying to do with before yeah the observation that many.

695
01:43:17.850 --> 01:43:29.460
BRF2 4103: Many youth groups, the etymology of the name they have their own group is human yet which would point to the fact that the human ization is the default, it is demonisation that is extra effort.

696
01:43:30.090 --> 01:43:39.750
BRF2 4103: So it's like you know, of course, what you alluded to weaponize the demonization like the cockroaches in Rwanda or the anti Semitism in China, right now, you know.

697
01:43:40.200 --> 01:43:49.350
BRF2 4103: there's that extra effort to be more deep, but how do you deal with the fact that there's ample evidence that the default is that out groups or less human.

698
01:43:50.370 --> 01:44:01.080
BRF2 4103: yeah, so I think for me that's the big thing like what have you been a recent paper my fault world where everything is the communication about the secret I think that's kind of where the field is now over five.

699
01:44:01.770 --> 01:44:14.910
BRF2 4103: So from that, I think it's worth trying to expect during these other entities right, I can get really cool distribution curve of sort of like compounded evenness for us to like eating out through your own and grew.

700
01:44:15.810 --> 01:44:23.190
BRF2 4103: A dog monkeys and different nc thought, and you can sort of see how far as distribution are one another, so we can see if they're overlapping.

701
01:44:23.700 --> 01:44:39.270
BRF2 4103: A neighbor calling it the wrong thing here, maybe you're really not this empty one another as much as you think you are so I think first by starting from a place of like let's see what exactly is human ization is a starting point for people inside direction.

702
01:44:42.480 --> 01:44:43.890
Questions for stephanie.

703
01:44:46.710 --> 01:44:51.900
Yes, well, I was gonna ask this so with the with the the.

704
01:44:53.340 --> 01:44:54.810
BRF2 4103: Thinking about it as the year.

705
01:44:56.520 --> 01:44:59.970
i'm like when you're off point is like that seems.

706
01:45:01.230 --> 01:45:05.340
BRF2 4103: um like is that it's a it's a mistake to.

707
01:45:06.570 --> 01:45:09.390
treat like human this like us.

708
01:45:10.470 --> 01:45:17.820
BRF2 4103: Or is that you know my God yeah you know it's like obviously I mean he's so cute.

709
01:45:18.930 --> 01:45:29.430
BRF2 4103: he's a singer like okay she's on people right yeah but, like you know, like is that, like he said variation across focus about why the life sciences.

710
01:45:31.080 --> 01:45:33.960
BRF2 4103: sounds it non stop people people.

711
01:45:35.220 --> 01:45:42.540
BRF2 4103: People, for example, people who are seem to be lacking and go for the competence oftentimes 44 hypothesis below and intelligent or.

712
01:45:43.050 --> 01:45:53.580
BRF2 4103: Hot like high more below it intelligence, perhaps or competence, like all the people sometimes can be humanized with also sweet like stop sort of food you're you're kind of.

713
01:45:54.240 --> 01:46:03.060
BRF2 4103: Like hitting the nail on the side rather where everything's kind of students even ization of the arguments and, as you pointed out, well then babies they don't speak a lot they're.

714
01:46:04.110 --> 01:46:07.050
BRF2 4103: Not even now like what were people that line.

715
01:46:08.250 --> 01:46:24.450
BRF2 4103: necessarily so, by having people sort of highlight we get them 99 characteristics, the issue tell how important they are being have it all set up, so we can see what it is that you're defining explicitly applied to these entities and then start criticizing server application.

716
01:46:36.750 --> 01:46:38.700
BRF2 4103: So there's a central ISM which.

717
01:46:40.050 --> 01:46:41.550
BRF2 4103: Is what our cycle after.

718
01:46:42.660 --> 01:46:48.990
BRF2 4103: cycle at the reflect logical such those alerts know you have a human essence of all along, so another thing is like.

719
01:46:50.370 --> 01:47:04.410
BRF2 4103: it's almost like it's human it's a crucial for certain things, but you have so many good points, now, European or is it, like all right terrific all the Tennessee where we don't really people can be ignored that measurement of humanistic literature.

720
01:47:08.100 --> 01:47:08.820
Very good.

721
01:47:14.400 --> 01:47:24.390
BRF2 4103: All right now we're focusing on us try to convert this day I would love to do some reason, like very tightly if you do ever you have to be needs to.

722
01:47:25.710 --> 01:47:25.980
BRF2 4103: Be on that.

723
01:47:27.690 --> 01:47:32.160
BRF2 4103: Okay we'll move on to the next form that is Emily Davis.

724
01:47:35.610 --> 01:47:42.240
BRF2 4103: Thank you, faith or religion Hello i'm Emily Davis and i'm a linguistics graduate student here at ucsd.

725
01:47:42.660 --> 01:47:50.940
BRF2 4103: I work with Robert calendar and today i'll be talking about some of my linguistics work so i'm looking at the prevalence of multiple Center embedding across languages.

726
01:47:51.420 --> 01:48:00.930
BRF2 4103: And how it varies depending on syntax i'm interested in this syntactic phenomenon of Center embedding At first I need to explain a little bit about what it is.

727
01:48:01.260 --> 01:48:08.460
BRF2 4103: For our purposes i'm defining Center and bedding as a syntactic construct that is embedded within one of the same type as in.

728
01:48:09.030 --> 01:48:20.250
BRF2 4103: represented here by a one be a two so it's embedded such that material from a the outer structure is on both sides of be the infrastructure.

729
01:48:20.640 --> 01:48:27.630
BRF2 4103: and different syntactic constructions can be said for embedded but most research, such as mine focuses on clauses or sentences.

730
01:48:28.230 --> 01:48:39.420
BRF2 4103: And embedding a clause within a clause can create a nested dependency, such as between subject and verb as you see in this German example where the subject and verb are marked.

731
01:48:40.680 --> 01:48:50.940
And i'm interested in Center embedding for a few reasons, one is that it's a clear case of linguistic recursion and recursion is very interesting and controversial phenomenon.

732
01:48:51.390 --> 01:48:58.830
In the study of linguistics another is that Center embedding is hard to process, especially when there are multiple levels of Center embedding.

733
01:48:59.310 --> 01:49:09.180
And, as such, the prevalence of Center embedding is informative concerning issues in language, processing and what factors affect the process ability of a sentence.

734
01:49:10.530 --> 01:49:25.950
And finally, another thing i've explored in the past is that Center embedding is relevant to extra linguistic or non linguistic cognition and who the evolution of language, for example, Center embedded patterns appear in human and animal non linguistic behaviors.

735
01:49:27.390 --> 01:49:34.170
But here i'll be talking about Center embedding in naturally occurring language and how it relates to syntactic topology.

736
01:49:34.740 --> 01:49:39.720
And I need to talk a little bit about the different types of syntax a language can display.

737
01:49:40.110 --> 01:49:51.930
So the head of the phrase is the word which determines syntactic the syntactic category or meaning of grace, such as a verb is a verb phrase, and it can occur at the beginning, or the end of the race.

738
01:49:52.530 --> 01:50:07.590
And the order of subject verb object in different languages is determined by the head order in the verb grace, so a language can have the basic order SV oh for medial or sov verb final.

739
01:50:08.670 --> 01:50:26.430
And most languages fall into one of these types that can be head final subject object for like Japanese and Korean or had initial subject verb object like English and French, and some languages combined both orders, such as German and Latin This is known as having mixed headedness.

740
01:50:27.840 --> 01:50:32.910
And this relates to send to embedding because some combinations of word orders can force Center embedding.

741
01:50:33.390 --> 01:50:41.670
So in subject verb object languages, the verb comes before the compliment clause, as in the English sentence Mary beliefs, the Earth is flat.

742
01:50:42.030 --> 01:50:54.060
But in a language like Japanese the word comes after the compliment clause as in Mary the Earth is flat believes, and in this latter case, you see that there's one sentence fully embedded inside another.

743
01:50:55.560 --> 01:51:05.520
And i'm searching presenter embedding using the universal dependencies set of tagged corporate and its method of tagging is illustrated in the top figure here.

744
01:51:06.090 --> 01:51:22.590
You can see that the dependencies are marked and the one i'm particularly interested in is between subject and verb, such as in this case between girl and arrived or within the embedded clause between who would likes or that and run.

745
01:51:26.670 --> 01:51:37.050
And i'm interested in cases where there are multiple nested dependencies between subject and verb as also illustrated in example one be below.

746
01:51:38.310 --> 01:51:47.040
Specifically, what i'm looking for our cases where the sentence has three subjects and three verbs in a specific order, and this is the pattern i'm searching for where.

747
01:51:47.550 --> 01:51:59.790
there's a noun and a verb in the outer sentence and noun and a verb of the embedded clause and another noun and verb still within the clause, creating this multiple embedding.

748
01:52:01.050 --> 01:52:14.400
And here are my results for the languages that have looked at so far on the left our head final or subject verb languages such as Japanese Korean and Turkish and, as you can see, they have a pretty high rate of Center embedding.

749
01:52:14.880 --> 01:52:25.590
In the middle you see verb medial subject verb object languages such as English, French, Italian and a couple other European languages, these have pretty low rates to send her embedding.

750
01:52:26.070 --> 01:52:33.390
And finally, on the right are mixed headedness languages, those with a mixture of orders, such as Latin and German and.

751
01:52:33.750 --> 01:52:46.530
They generally have an intermediate level of Center embedding between the two, so this confirms that languages with the verb final order as an option or, as the only option, are going to have more Center embedding.

752
01:52:46.860 --> 01:52:53.190
Those with a strict subject verb object order Thank you so much, I will now be taking questions.

753
01:52:58.650 --> 01:52:58.890
Right.

754
01:53:04.620 --> 01:53:07.980
BRF2 4103: I thought that was Emily you mentioned extra linguistic.

755
01:53:08.760 --> 01:53:12.330
BRF2 4103: Center embedding could you give us an example as humans.

756
01:53:12.360 --> 01:53:13.620
BRF2 4103: have extra linguistic.

757
01:53:14.640 --> 01:53:16.470
BRF2 4103: recursive central embedding.

758
01:53:17.610 --> 01:53:28.350
Emily Davis: Well, good question will tying that into the connections between language and music, which I brought up earlier, you can find century bedded structures in music, such as if you start in.

759
01:53:28.770 --> 01:53:37.860
Emily Davis: A certain musical key go to another key, then you go back to the original and these structures can be recursive Lee nested so you get something that can be described as a palindrome like.

760
01:53:38.190 --> 01:53:54.780
Emily Davis: A BC be a or palindromes nested within palindromes like a BA see a BA and these can get very, very complex and you can also find Center embedding in complex action planning like.

761
01:53:55.290 --> 01:54:10.470
Emily Davis: On a simple example would be you go into a room turn on the light do your task turn off the light and leave the room and these again can get very deep and there's more depth possible in extra linguistics Center embedding then in language.

762
01:54:12.240 --> 01:54:12.930
Emily Davis: archers.

763
01:54:14.640 --> 01:54:31.440
Arturs Semenuks: Oh, thank you Emily really cool stuff so I guess like my question kind of like flows, right after what what you ended the last answer on why do you think it is possible to have so much deeper and readings and they actually listed, you know action sequences the language.

764
01:54:32.760 --> 01:54:41.940
Emily Davis: Well, I think one reason, at least in the case of music is that there's no semantic meaning to keep track of something which I didn't have time to discuss but i'm exploring and my dissertation.

765
01:54:42.480 --> 01:54:52.950
Emily Davis: Is that linguistic Center embedding gets easier when there's less information, like, for example, if the embedded clause has a pronoun of its subject, rather than a noun phrase that brings in a new reference.

766
01:54:53.400 --> 01:55:04.350
Emily Davis: Then, that is easier to process music is free of semantic meaning, so it can have deeper levels of embedding and another thing that makes sense for embedding difficult in language is that.

767
01:55:05.040 --> 01:55:18.030
Emily Davis: Language is generally done in real time we have to process or create a sentence, very quickly, whereas music is played from a score and action sequences take place over a longer time language.

768
01:55:18.780 --> 01:55:31.440
Emily Davis: And in addition we we seem to see a lot more Center embedding in written language than in spoken language, which fits the idea that real time planning like online planning is an impediment to Center embedding.

769
01:55:33.720 --> 01:55:34.020
Arturs Semenuks: Thank you.

770
01:55:34.980 --> 01:55:36.240
BRF2 4103: Because I feel it's.

771
01:55:36.780 --> 01:55:37.080
BRF2 4103: Not.

772
01:55:37.110 --> 01:55:39.570
Emily Davis: Just one question going a little bit in this direction.

773
01:55:40.680 --> 01:55:41.760
BRF2 4103: What you said last because.

774
01:55:42.240 --> 01:55:43.260
Emily Davis: You showed it showed a.

775
01:55:43.260 --> 01:55:45.720
BRF2 4103: German example and I thought.

776
01:55:46.230 --> 01:55:55.290
Emily Davis: I would never say a sentence like this unless it was tested, a German German high schoolers so what I would not say like if I.

777
01:55:56.310 --> 01:56:04.050
Emily Davis: said it spoken sentence, so how yeah if you take that into conference yeah.

778
01:56:06.990 --> 01:56:09.360
Emily Davis: i'm sorry trouble hearing you.

779
01:56:12.810 --> 01:56:13.860
BRF2 4103: And the question was.

780
01:56:14.910 --> 01:56:17.640
Emily Davis: When you shouldn't German example which is my mother tongue.

781
01:56:18.090 --> 01:56:19.590
BRF2 4103: I thought I would never say this.

782
01:56:19.680 --> 01:56:24.900
Emily Davis: sentence like that, if I wasn't taught to shut down, for instance, and say that sentence or two.

783
01:56:25.980 --> 01:56:26.250
Emily Davis: and

784
01:56:27.090 --> 01:56:30.180
BRF2 4103: So what what's the data that you like or.

785
01:56:30.510 --> 01:56:31.380
BRF2 4103: how you look at.

786
01:56:31.710 --> 01:56:32.760
It written.

787
01:56:33.780 --> 01:56:42.240
Emily Davis: yeah all of I think all of the corporate i'm drawing some are written language and, as I said before, there are striking differences between.

788
01:56:42.510 --> 01:56:56.640
Emily Davis: How much embedding is allowed in Britain versus spoken language and there were a lot of differences in grammatical complexity generally writing allows for levels of depth that wouldn't really be possible in speech, or at least in spontaneous speech.

789
01:56:57.420 --> 01:56:58.860
Emily Davis: Sometimes, unfortunately.

790
01:57:02.970 --> 01:57:03.330
BRF2 4103: yeah.

791
01:57:03.360 --> 01:57:05.100
Emily Davis: So when when you set up by.

792
01:57:05.160 --> 01:57:08.040
BRF2 4103: Ever survivors of the infinite it's like the.

793
01:57:08.640 --> 01:57:09.660
Emily Davis: instruments, the fact that.

794
01:57:10.200 --> 01:57:13.080
BRF2 4103: Like you can only do philosophy in Riga.

795
01:57:13.110 --> 01:57:14.130
Major.

796
01:57:16.800 --> 01:57:17.250
Emily Davis: mean.

797
01:57:17.520 --> 01:57:18.780
BRF2 4103: Do do you find.

798
01:57:18.780 --> 01:57:19.230
Emily Davis: That.

799
01:57:19.350 --> 01:57:23.940
BRF2 4103: Like being attacked in in the language of the very first doesn't expensive House like.

800
01:57:25.440 --> 01:57:29.280
BRF2 4103: Like implications for like your condition, essentially for.

801
01:57:29.340 --> 01:57:33.330
Emily Davis: say you working memory capacity or like translates to other things so it's.

802
01:57:34.890 --> 01:57:46.710
Emily Davis: Not like you know that's an interesting question and i'm i'm generally a little skeptical of research that links a cognitive factors to language in that way, such as linguistic relativity but.

803
01:57:47.310 --> 01:57:56.490
Emily Davis: Generally, there is evidence that your native language can sort of sort of train you to be better at certain aspects of language processing.

804
01:57:56.940 --> 01:58:02.940
Emily Davis: Like if, for instance speakers of Japanese produce more Center embedding well at least they do in writing and.

805
01:58:03.300 --> 01:58:09.750
Emily Davis: They they're better at processing Center embedded sentences, where the equivalent would be really, really hard for an English speaker.

806
01:58:10.440 --> 01:58:19.290
Emily Davis: Then, without at least as a sign of held language experience effects language specific cognition and perhaps the application of working memory resources to language.

807
01:58:19.650 --> 01:58:32.460
Emily Davis: And as for the philosophy question, well, I noticed that a lot of the Latin material I got in my corporate search for one that was all from very dense philosophy tests texts, including Thomas Aquinas.

808
01:58:36.300 --> 01:58:37.530
Emily Davis: Any further questions.

809
01:58:41.160 --> 01:58:41.460
Emily Davis: here.

810
01:58:43.740 --> 01:58:46.050
Arturs Semenuks: i'll just send the link to paper in the chat it's.

811
01:58:47.070 --> 01:58:47.610
Emily Davis: Thank you.

812
01:58:50.340 --> 01:58:51.120
BRF2 4103: we'll move on.

813
01:58:52.380 --> 01:58:52.950
Emily Davis: We have a short.

814
01:58:52.980 --> 01:58:55.470
BRF2 4103: break so do the next one.

815
01:58:59.490 --> 01:59:05.910
hello, my name is Julia Camille gorman and I am a PhD student in the neurosciences program here at ucsd.

816
01:59:06.660 --> 01:59:13.410
I work in DR corey miller's lab where I studied primary vision in marmosets small new world primate.

817
01:59:14.190 --> 01:59:19.260
Primary vision is one of the most studied sensory systems, however, the most common way that it's been studied.

818
01:59:19.620 --> 01:59:28.650
Is by head fixing the monkey and having it fixate, on a point of screen as images of flashed, which is a very passive way of setting vision.

819
01:59:29.010 --> 01:59:34.350
However, in the real world revision is actually executed vision is a very dynamic process.

820
01:59:34.740 --> 01:59:43.080
The world around us contains too much information to all be processed at once, by the visual cortex so the brain has to be very systematic and when I choose to focus on.

821
01:59:43.950 --> 01:59:53.070
i'm interested in understanding how visual information processing works and marmosets as they hunt crickets, which is an active and ecologically relevant task.

822
01:59:53.790 --> 01:59:59.100
By using cameras attached to their head that allow me to track both or I position in their head position and what they're looking at.

823
01:59:59.520 --> 02:00:07.770
As well as overhead cameras that allow me to track their pose I will learn what you primates that are performing a visually demanding tasks hundred crickets.

824
02:00:08.040 --> 02:00:14.730
focus on and what sailing individual scene and also how vision and forms there Robin movement as they catch the crickets.

825
02:00:15.360 --> 02:00:23.490
In the future also be using electrodes and planted in tomorrow sets primary visual cortex that will allow me to record their neural signals as they're hunting the crickets.

826
02:00:24.120 --> 02:00:30.090
We know from previous work putting animals on treadmills while performing visual tasks that this will change the neural dynamics.

827
02:00:30.570 --> 02:00:36.150
I will then use modeling techniques that will let me see how our visual cortex is tuned to head and I movements as well.

828
02:00:36.750 --> 02:00:46.080
And from this i'll be able to build a model of the visual cortex that's more bio physically realistic, because it will take into account the change and aerodynamics and be robust to movement.

829
02:00:46.920 --> 02:00:51.000
And this will be the first model that accounts for primary vision, as is performed in the real world.

830
02:00:52.080 --> 02:00:58.740
The training through Carter has allowed me to engage with scientists have diverse backgrounds and have meaningful conversations about diverse topics.

831
02:00:59.100 --> 02:01:02.790
This training also allows me to view My thesis within an anthropogenic framework.

832
02:01:03.420 --> 02:01:07.590
A foundational pressure and the evolution of all animals is the ability to travel the world.

833
02:01:07.950 --> 02:01:16.590
And primates have evolved core properties of vision, the separate us from other animals, such as phobias that allow for high visual acuity and higher visual regions.

834
02:01:17.280 --> 02:01:26.550
using non human primates to understand how motor and sensory systems are coupled during content will help us understand shared primate adaptations also present in humans.

835
02:01:30.120 --> 02:01:30.450
BRF2 4103: You.

836
02:01:33.480 --> 02:01:36.690
JC Gorman: yeah sorry I since i've missed the memo or slide.

837
02:01:38.820 --> 02:01:47.880
BRF2 4103: I think it's a very good example when everybody is doing slides and you go and you do a good job, like you just did it's actually more likely to be remembered.

838
02:01:50.550 --> 02:01:53.610
BRF2 4103: Something to consider questions with you.

839
02:01:59.370 --> 02:02:05.400
BRF2 4103: Know Barber says Felix can you just tell us a bit more about the recording setup that years.

840
02:02:06.420 --> 02:02:13.140
JC Gorman: i'm like the electrophysiology recording setup or like the arena that we're using.

841
02:02:15.540 --> 02:02:16.740
BRF2 4103: is relatively difficult.

842
02:02:18.990 --> 02:02:29.280
JC Gorman: Okay, I can't really hear you I think I heard you said electronic physiology setup so we have monkeys that are chronically implanted in the visual primary visual cortex so V1.

843
02:02:29.880 --> 02:02:39.930
JC Gorman: And these are pressurize and it allows us to like wirelessly record for them for like a certain amount of time and so basically like yeah we.

844
02:02:40.770 --> 02:02:55.860
JC Gorman: can record from them like while their head fixed and see the neural dynamics wall their head fixed and then we can I place them in the arena and, of course, and Center on while they're completely removing wireless had free.

845
02:02:56.580 --> 02:03:01.410
BRF2 4103: Very cool so they have a little helmet right it's like a little help with that protects the electrodes from.

846
02:03:01.950 --> 02:03:13.500
JC Gorman: yeah yeah cuz I mean the lectures like you know deep in their brain and then we we cover it and, like acrylic and stuff so they look a little wonky but it doesn't bother them after a fair amount of time.

847
02:03:22.590 --> 02:03:27.570
BRF2 4103: what's the situation with a televisions, in this new world marmosets.

848
02:03:28.110 --> 02:03:40.800
JC Gorman: yeah so the mail marmosets can't see read um but the females can but um this isn't like really affect my experimental paradigm because mine is more just about.

849
02:03:41.640 --> 02:03:53.670
JC Gorman: Like effects of self little locomotion on the primary areas of cortex, and this is really have like they can hunt the crickets whether they see rather don't see read, but some of us super interesting to note is that.

850
02:03:55.380 --> 02:04:00.360
JC Gorman: it's very rare to find a male marmoset that hunts the crickets the female is mostly good.

851
02:04:03.000 --> 02:04:05.580
BRF2 4103: Do you read the crickets yourself, or you.

852
02:04:05.760 --> 02:04:14.070
JC Gorman: know by him from like just like a pet website so yeah they get shipped to my house, because you can't ship them to ucsd.

853
02:04:16.380 --> 02:04:18.720
BRF2 4103: TV that I have got to group it's no.

854
02:04:19.140 --> 02:04:24.630
JC Gorman: No, no, but you just I can't like ship like random live crickets to ucsd.

855
02:04:27.120 --> 02:04:32.340
BRF2 4103: Just curious is the difference in their ability to see the choice.

856
02:04:34.800 --> 02:04:35.610
BRF2 4103: i'm curious what.

857
02:04:36.390 --> 02:04:39.600
JC Gorman: Is their ability to see read a what difference.

858
02:04:39.960 --> 02:04:41.310
BRF2 4103: ready to make choice.

859
02:04:42.420 --> 02:04:53.100
JC Gorman: um I don't know because I mean like there's not any like read on their body or anything I don't I don't like where they're from is like a very kind of dry area in Brazil, so I don't.

860
02:04:54.510 --> 02:04:56.670
JC Gorman: I don't really know that evolution of like.

861
02:04:58.170 --> 02:05:04.740
JC Gorman: I don't know if they gained or lost the ability to see read but um yeah I wouldn't know it would be like may choice necessarily just because.

862
02:05:05.280 --> 02:05:15.210
BRF2 4103: It is all I can I can I can feel it here it's actually related to detection of potential predators day bye bye chromatic makes you much better at detecting patterns.

863
02:05:15.240 --> 02:05:16.140
JC Gorman: to camouflage.

864
02:05:16.710 --> 02:05:22.410
BRF2 4103: a deep breath show them statistically armies around the world sharp shoes are over represented among.

865
02:05:24.510 --> 02:05:30.750
BRF2 4103: color color blind people have over presented destruction, and so, because it, there is a second.

866
02:05:32.430 --> 02:05:48.390
BRF2 4103: Second, people coding G on the extremes of which domains only have one, it makes them all, by default pipeline and it's a it's a possibly related to detection of ripe fruits that has read by the female sexual predators by.

867
02:05:50.100 --> 02:05:54.990
BRF2 4103: Monday has published on, that is, if you say encourage you to do.

868
02:05:56.760 --> 02:06:04.500
BRF2 4103: is also tested mama says at the San Diego zoo with little little food of different colors to test the efficiency of the 4G.

869
02:06:05.550 --> 02:06:06.330
JC Gorman: Oh that's cool.

870
02:06:06.690 --> 02:06:11.910
BRF2 4103: Without nothing going plan, but no implants, you know it's never allow wrap.

871
02:06:14.070 --> 02:06:19.680
BRF2 4103: up today any last questions, yes, maximum thickness little bit sort of feel.

872
02:06:22.170 --> 02:06:24.060
JC Gorman: Like yeah I can hear you.

873
02:06:25.260 --> 02:06:26.250
JC Gorman: Focus really hard.

874
02:06:30.750 --> 02:06:31.260
BRF2 4103: Referral.

875
02:06:32.940 --> 02:06:34.770
JC Gorman: Processing in the peripheral visual field.

876
02:06:36.450 --> 02:06:46.140
JC Gorman: um yeah so there's I mean the broad question is like do we know anything about processing in the personal visual field of primates.

877
02:06:46.710 --> 02:06:58.560
JC Gorman: Definitely like there's a lot of like primate specific areas and the visual cortex specifically an area called empty which does a lot of like motion processing and that kind of like happens in the privacy privacy.

878
02:06:59.130 --> 02:07:06.450
JC Gorman: periphery because i'm like one of the ways in which we like experience the world like on our like literal retinas is that.

879
02:07:07.560 --> 02:07:15.810
JC Gorman: Like the things we're putting our phobias on move like slower and things that are like privacy I can't say that word periphery.

880
02:07:16.500 --> 02:07:26.280
JC Gorman: And so there's like some primate specific regions of our visual processing that like allow us to kind of experience the peripheral world differently and.

881
02:07:27.000 --> 02:07:41.070
JC Gorman: kind of in general, with the receptive field analysis that i'll be doing with the neural according um it's more focusing on kind of like peripheral vision, more or less instead of like what's directly on the phobia because that's like a really hard.

882
02:07:43.050 --> 02:07:59.460
JC Gorman: Like area to study for a lot of like technical challenges like to study like what is the images directly on the phobia and like what are the neural patterns caused by that that's like not something that you that we are currently capable of doing and freely moving animal at all.

883
02:08:02.280 --> 02:08:03.030
BRF2 4103: Thanks very much.

884
02:08:05.250 --> 02:08:07.500
BRF2 4103: Before our legal team.

885
02:08:11.550 --> 02:08:20.550
hi is nika from visual arts my background is in landscape architecture and and broadly interested in how landscape is imagine and designed as a resource through Labor and for leisure.

886
02:08:21.060 --> 02:08:27.120
I will give you a very quick overview of my PhD project post a southern california's nature and landscaping them topsy.

887
02:08:28.590 --> 02:08:37.080
humans have transformed environments for 10s of thousands of years, southern California and has been imagined this a season that's a waste is in the desert a perfect setting for indoor.

888
02:08:37.590 --> 02:08:44.010
outdoor living architectural modernism architectural models and interrelate to the way early humans have lived.

889
02:08:44.460 --> 02:08:50.460
Becoming this perfect always it's meant for architects and landscape architects to re envision the way humans interacted with environment.

890
02:08:50.850 --> 02:09:02.310
In my thesis i'm interested in how California modernism has negotiated southern California landscape as predicated on the idea of endangerment in need of mitigation and how it's designed performing today's landscape.

891
02:09:04.950 --> 02:09:12.390
To this end, my dissertation unfolds out of an inquiry into for landscape topology spending different scales time periods and topography.

892
02:09:12.870 --> 02:09:20.490
With these four case studies, I want to illustrate the process of transitioning from an idealized modernist races to an actual contemporary poster races.

893
02:09:21.450 --> 02:09:35.940
If the modern stories describes a design place of respect from unfavorable conditions, the poster is is the inadvertent undermining of its design intention, as I seek to demonstrate some of the outcomes of the modernist ambitions are faulted psychological health of these landscapes.

894
02:09:37.500 --> 02:09:46.950
In February 2020 at the last in person Carter symposium today had a conversation with Dr parvati on the visualization of prehistoric environments as conflict zones.

895
02:09:47.490 --> 02:09:59.760
Decentralized allowed me to look at landscape history, also from Apollo Apollo logical perspective and consider glacier phobia and oasis as places in which reflections on geographical nature may have first been formulated.

896
02:10:01.650 --> 02:10:12.330
The following symposium on in infectious diseases, Professor wins this work introduced me to the revolutionary arms race between parasites and humans and limitations of botanical knowledge for infectious diseases.

897
02:10:12.870 --> 02:10:28.050
Through Professor blonska his work on the evolutionary compromise is expressed in varying skin pigmentation which are presented first comparative anthropology nice symposium I was able to understand variants and melanin melanin levels as evidence of the nature of people's past environments.

898
02:10:30.600 --> 02:10:45.300
Use tools with our hand and hand is a position tool in itself with which we interact with our environment, above all, it's poor portions allow us to roll our fingers and clench it into a fist I found Professor carries experimental research about the human hand fascinating.

899
02:10:46.440 --> 02:10:52.530
Professor Carey arguments humans, maybe anatomically specialized, not only for dexterity and Labor but also we're punching.

900
02:10:54.180 --> 02:11:03.420
DC symposia were particularly up my wheelhouse in the winter Professor i'm an author and shine the light on how novel our system science approaches reverberate and anthropocene.

901
02:11:05.190 --> 02:11:15.840
Professor i'm enough and discuss parameters to assess how we have maneuvered earth out of the ideal state of minimal fanatic fluctuation that had created environmental conditions and land forms in which humans could thrive.

902
02:11:16.500 --> 02:11:21.870
I appreciate it as political scientists in general public to not underestimate the urgency of the situation.

903
02:11:22.470 --> 02:11:28.350
Hopefully, scientists, of the future will not only find evidence of human path of humans pastor destroying the planet, they call home.

904
02:11:28.800 --> 02:11:40.080
but also how to turn to history around and indeed named earth in a habitable state engagement Professor Alan alan's work certainly added some additional nuance to my thinking around the notion of anthropocene.

905
02:11:41.610 --> 02:11:47.250
most recent symposium covered humans is planet altering species from microscopic to telescopic scale.

906
02:11:47.820 --> 02:11:54.090
Here I had the pleasure to be paired with JESSICA Thompson and learning more about your research on how many new use of fire for environmental management.

907
02:11:54.630 --> 02:12:01.500
In that's progeny specialization track We often talk about fire in the form of cooking or the significance of the earth for displaced preference.

908
02:12:04.140 --> 02:12:12.540
Professor Thompson explored how humans turn from environmental managers into ecosystem damages, by way of fire over the last 130,000 years.

909
02:12:12.870 --> 02:12:21.840
Her talk opened up a new Palo environmental perspective too many of hominids is prehistoric landscape designers used to fight as an engineering tool to manipulate landscape, the inhabitants.

910
02:12:22.320 --> 02:12:26.820
In addition, or notes about the onset of nature of the nature, culture divides still resonate with me.

911
02:12:28.260 --> 02:12:37.230
Very soon, a group of us is headed to Spain and Tanzania and tremendously thrilled about their anthropogenic field cars which will link what i've learned with Carter with the physical landscape as a lived experience.

912
02:12:37.620 --> 02:12:46.500
I put an image of the olduvai gorge Quartier because, as a prehistoric oasis the geothermal activity, it has already helped me parse ideas for my dissertation project.

913
02:12:46.980 --> 02:12:56.640
I look forward to meeting our next peel and hopefully Fiona steward in Tanzania in that Vance anthropogenic class and looked into human shelter building enough that's already engaged with fiona's work.

914
02:12:56.940 --> 02:13:04.560
Which centers on ontogeny of nest building in chimpanzees and its implications for constructive it in hominids the researchers for the class.

915
02:13:05.160 --> 02:13:11.040
has been clarified in the interest in the specialization track and continues to influence meditation so they made me reconsider.

916
02:13:11.280 --> 02:13:22.290
How to construction of an inside premium idea of an outside in the first place, a landscape that then could become the object of intervention to pre story Communist landscape designers as well as contemporary ones.

917
02:13:22.890 --> 02:13:30.750
Ongoing motivational conversations with this caliber fire and plans enculturation indonesia's that humans have created for themselves, continue to shape my thinking.

918
02:13:31.320 --> 02:13:40.530
talking to Lindsay hunter recently about rendering visible pre historical ecological and social layers and the contemporary landscape was energizing and look forward to continued exchanges.

919
02:13:42.810 --> 02:13:55.590
To the entire leadership team and Carter both outgoing and incoming that administrative staff, as well as an Admiral Smith, I want to extend my sincerest gratitude for creating all these opportunities and the continued support over the last couple of years, thank you.

920
02:14:13.560 --> 02:14:15.540
BRF2 4103: First recognize not going to be that great.

921
02:14:16.980 --> 02:14:18.600
BRF2 4103: rainy season oh goodbye.

922
02:14:26.850 --> 02:14:27.300
Right.

923
02:14:34.350 --> 02:14:42.870
BRF2 4103: Let me, let me repeat your sentence, this question is about the weather Nicole sales migration as a way of changing mindsets.

924
02:14:44.010 --> 02:14:47.310
Pacific there's a I don't remember but physical.

925
02:14:48.690 --> 02:14:50.400
medicine and migration and make.

926
02:14:52.200 --> 02:14:55.770
Mention roses this part over total equals.

927
02:14:57.810 --> 02:15:16.050
Three parallel to each of these are getting that I have certain thinking about the fact that there's something that has helped me to continue to work on this topic and obstructions thousand about migration very, very sorry.

928
02:15:17.190 --> 02:15:17.940
And how that.

929
02:15:19.980 --> 02:15:19.980
A.

930
02:15:23.730 --> 02:15:25.620
fictional challenging.

931
02:15:29.880 --> 02:15:33.540
Work in the task, and also the influx of.

932
02:15:35.340 --> 02:15:42.810
Immigrants here, so this is like some countries is more interesting and also.

933
02:15:44.190 --> 02:15:44.670
Looking at.

934
02:15:53.160 --> 02:15:55.980
Central park now let's go.

935
02:15:57.720 --> 02:15:57.990
Can you.

936
02:16:02.490 --> 02:16:03.450
actually are.

937
02:16:06.150 --> 02:16:07.020
In tremendous shape.

938
02:16:15.450 --> 02:16:21.960
I feel like I have an escape fire you, like all this is a politeness because it's like when it comes to.

939
02:16:23.220 --> 02:16:28.500
BRF2 4103: explicitly front of alter the list he probably had a question what are some of the drivers.

940
02:16:28.800 --> 02:16:38.250
BRF2 4103: Again policy now we're like Oh, we need to start planting more things like saying, the report I think like that run the world what are some of the factors are influences are drivers of.

941
02:16:38.910 --> 02:16:48.660
BRF2 4103: sort of throughout time that you see here, but like look at the record, but this one earth and see like oh this happened, and then you see all these like that sounds like purposely.

942
02:16:49.110 --> 02:17:02.340
BRF2 4103: or like easy you know what our sales or disagree and drivers drivers influences for why people might have changed the landscape here, and the most famous motivational that.

943
02:17:03.420 --> 02:17:03.930
Especially.

944
02:17:06.330 --> 02:17:06.750
When.

945
02:17:08.940 --> 02:17:12.630
You can American nice important it was to our technical.

946
02:17:13.890 --> 02:17:24.630
And that's that the US entered into, because they wanted for Internet because they saw that kind of conditions here and they have to.

947
02:17:26.040 --> 02:17:29.340
date intending to turn into very productive.

948
02:17:38.940 --> 02:17:39.720
Use of the.

949
02:17:40.890 --> 02:17:41.550
theater last.

950
02:17:43.980 --> 02:17:44.610
6%.

951
02:17:46.530 --> 02:17:48.390
Of all data Center on.

952
02:17:51.900 --> 02:17:52.350
yeah.

953
02:17:53.970 --> 02:18:07.320
laughing at a huge relation with nature and stewardship model versus the partner model it's sort of like i've either way to your resources versus sort of all, there is intrinsic value settings that you don't see any.

954
02:18:07.770 --> 02:18:15.120
Right, so it seems like you're talking like resource management, Richard scattering I mean all those yeah you mentioned.

955
02:18:17.190 --> 02:18:18.150
BRF2 4103: Before have a.

956
02:18:19.170 --> 02:18:22.590
BRF2 4103: Complete that because even say.

957
02:18:24.840 --> 02:18:27.600
needed like that's already been altered in such a state.

958
02:18:34.080 --> 02:18:37.470
BRF2 4103: That we're not also you have one last question and then we'll take a look.

959
02:18:40.170 --> 02:18:49.350
Arturs Semenuks: NICO, thank you for a very, very cool presentation, I feel like my question, it might be a bit too vague, so if it is like feel free to just I don't answer it.

960
02:18:49.980 --> 02:18:56.760
Arturs Semenuks: But like incumbency of sides, you know there's this idea of extended combination distributed combinations to the idea that.

961
02:18:57.180 --> 02:19:04.410
Arturs Semenuks: Like thinking doesn't just happen, you know, in the brain but it happens in the body and it happens, you know what the it happens, using the environment around their body as well.

962
02:19:05.220 --> 02:19:18.270
Arturs Semenuks: I guess i'm wondering whether you know the way you think about landscape, do you feel like what you've been thinking about supports that and if he is like I like it's like in what ways, do you think the way we're changing landscape is changing, how we think about the world.

963
02:19:19.500 --> 02:19:20.760
yeah good question.

964
02:19:22.740 --> 02:19:23.070
there's.

965
02:19:27.570 --> 02:19:29.610
No power.

966
02:19:31.980 --> 02:19:36.240
Arturs Semenuks: infiltration of those samples, but there is a way.

967
02:19:37.500 --> 02:19:37.950
out.

968
02:19:45.090 --> 02:19:47.340
How we can implement interested.

969
02:19:50.460 --> 02:19:57.420
BRF2 4103: I was teasing they go with the notion that to most southern California, the most live landscape is the interstate highway.

970
02:19:58.620 --> 02:19:59.970
BRF2 4103: About three hours a day.

971
02:20:02.700 --> 02:20:03.240
Arturs Semenuks: that's fine.

972
02:20:03.960 --> 02:20:04.350
BRF2 4103: we'll have a.

973
02:20:04.380 --> 02:20:05.580
Arturs Semenuks: 10 minute break.

974
02:20:06.450 --> 02:20:08.820
BRF2 4103: at four or five will get back.

975
02:20:10.290 --> 02:20:14.610
BRF2 4103: i'm sorry guys you can't partake So these are some teach reserved for my God.

976
02:20:15.870 --> 02:20:20.640
BRF2 4103: there's some movie movie or publisher and brand yourself.

977
02:20:54.600 --> 02:20:55.980
BRF2 4103: Whenever you're ready for.

978
02:21:00.540 --> 02:21:00.720
BRF2 4103: This.

979
02:21:08.610 --> 02:21:08.790
BRF2 4103: With.

980
02:21:19.290 --> 02:21:19.620
BRF2 4103: Our.

981
02:21:28.560 --> 02:21:32.460
BRF2 4103: I love it we come in with like just ready to shred like.

982
02:21:37.350 --> 02:21:38.070
BRF2 4103: How.

983
02:21:39.450 --> 02:21:43.140
BRF2 4103: The streets on the pitch, and you know.

984
02:22:17.880 --> 02:22:18.570
BRF2 4103: dad's.

985
02:22:20.580 --> 02:22:21.750
BRF2 4103: vocals as a.

986
02:22:23.100 --> 02:22:23.520
BRF2 4103: Lead is.

987
02:22:25.830 --> 02:22:26.130
BRF2 4103: Like.

988
02:22:32.850 --> 02:22:33.240
BRF2 4103: Nice.

989
02:22:35.880 --> 02:22:36.660
BRF2 4103: I love you for.

990
02:22:40.950 --> 02:22:41.310
BRF2 4103: Joining.

991
02:22:58.200 --> 02:22:58.830
BRF2 4103: shirt brush.

992
02:23:02.460 --> 02:23:03.360
BRF2 4103: My major.

993
02:23:35.700 --> 02:23:37.170
BRF2 4103: And i'm actually in the sky.

994
02:24:05.760 --> 02:24:07.290
BRF2 4103: are like temporary.

995
02:24:08.880 --> 02:24:09.630
BRF2 4103: Higher so it's.

996
02:24:18.210 --> 02:24:18.780
BRF2 4103: easy to.

997
02:24:19.860 --> 02:24:21.660
BRF2 4103: see a minor.

998
02:24:54.960 --> 02:24:55.560
BRF2 4103: it's a bit.

999
02:25:17.400 --> 02:25:17.880
BRF2 4103: sounds like.

1000
02:25:19.260 --> 02:25:19.410
BRF2 4103: A.

1001
02:25:22.380 --> 02:25:23.850
BRF2 4103: progression of your.

1002
02:25:29.190 --> 02:25:29.850
dreams.

1003
02:25:37.110 --> 02:25:37.920
BRF2 4103: Yes, especially.

1004
02:25:41.610 --> 02:25:42.180
BRF2 4103: Sorry.

1005
02:25:45.450 --> 02:25:45.750
BRF2 4103: Sorry.

1006
02:25:49.800 --> 02:25:51.750
BRF2 4103: yeah that's like when it.

1007
02:25:54.990 --> 02:25:56.610
BRF2 4103: Is on it was.

1008
02:26:03.990 --> 02:26:05.190
BRF2 4103: All the expenses, you know.

1009
02:26:06.300 --> 02:26:07.020
BRF2 4103: I saw him in.

1010
02:26:11.490 --> 02:26:12.000
BRF2 4103: Russia.

1011
02:26:18.150 --> 02:26:18.570
BRF2 4103: When I.

1012
02:26:23.670 --> 02:26:24.360
BRF2 4103: Was 16.

1013
02:26:26.310 --> 02:26:27.150
BRF2 4103: And so yeah.

1014
02:26:29.730 --> 02:26:30.000
BRF2 4103: yeah.

1015
02:26:31.470 --> 02:26:32.040
BRF2 4103: But yes.

1016
02:26:51.570 --> 02:26:52.020
BRF2 4103: So.

1017
02:27:24.240 --> 02:27:24.690
BRF2 4103: I was.

1018
02:27:52.200 --> 02:27:52.500
BRF2 4103: Yes.

1019
02:28:12.390 --> 02:28:12.870
BRF2 4103: Pretty.

1020
02:28:23.550 --> 02:28:23.850
BRF2 4103: face.

1021
02:28:47.640 --> 02:28:48.480
BRF2 4103: yeah yeah.

1022
02:29:35.490 --> 02:29:36.510
BRF2 4103: Okay, my friend.

1023
02:29:39.690 --> 02:29:40.950
BRF2 4103: said before Branson.

1024
02:29:42.510 --> 02:29:44.970
BRF2 4103: Center six five.

1025
02:29:47.790 --> 02:29:50.520
BRF2 4103: So we will start with Chevron powerful.

1026
02:29:55.170 --> 02:30:03.600
BRF2 4103: hi my name is Stefan cowboy and i'm a graduate student and cognitive science where work in the comparative cognition lab of Dr Federico Rosarno.

1027
02:30:04.410 --> 02:30:10.890
BRF2 4103: I mainly study the social behavior and social cognition of non human primates from an evolutionary point of view.

1028
02:30:11.310 --> 02:30:31.440
BRF2 4103: And today, I would like to talk about my new project on the impacts of infectious disease outbreaks on primate behavior, this is not only inspired by the covert 19 pandemic, but also one of the recent Carter symposia, namely the one on impact of infectious disease on humans and our origins.

1029
02:30:32.850 --> 02:30:42.090
One of my field sites is the born free USA primate sanctuary in southern Texas, which houses multiple species of ultra monkeys.

1030
02:30:42.450 --> 02:30:48.990
And also around 200 Japanese mechanics living in three different groups and separate fenced enclosures.

1031
02:30:49.770 --> 02:30:56.070
Unfortunately, the sanctuary had an infectious disease outbreak of their own recently.

1032
02:30:56.610 --> 02:31:07.500
And an early 2020 they confirmed the presence of Sri V2 that is Simeon retrovirus Type two and one of their capital groups of Japanese mechanics.

1033
02:31:08.070 --> 02:31:15.090
It likely came in through a long tail mechanic that came from a foreman basic research lab.

1034
02:31:15.900 --> 02:31:36.360
At trump species and as rv is an infectious disease that is transmitted via bodily fluids similar to HIV, it is possible to be positive, but not symptomatic, however, as individuals, become symptomatic, it is an immunosuppressive syndrome that can cause lethal hemorrhaging.

1035
02:31:37.800 --> 02:31:46.230
Unfortunately, as our V2 has quickly spread killing approximately 30% of the entire Japanese mechanic population of the sanctuary.

1036
02:31:48.300 --> 02:32:04.470
The goal of my current project is to examine whether infectious disease outbreaks are associated with decreased rates of social bonding and user group co has 70 coupled with an increase in pathogen avoidance behaviors and the groups of Japanese mechanics.

1037
02:32:05.880 --> 02:32:12.720
I have two specific aims, first I want to compare the extent of social bonding and group cohesive it between groups.

1038
02:32:13.020 --> 02:32:19.590
So basically, I want to see whether the monkeys will engage in social distancing when a service was present in their room.

1039
02:32:20.250 --> 02:32:36.450
And second I want to document the extent and types of pathogen avoidance behaviors demonstrated by the group's for my first am i'm mainly planning on using observational data but i'm also conducting some social tolerance tests that i'm currently coding.

1040
02:32:39.780 --> 02:32:49.530
I am coding different types of interactions between individual Sophist affiliated interactions for example being close proximity grooming co feeding and toggling.

1041
02:32:49.830 --> 02:32:55.110
But also dominance interaction, such as displacement submissive behaviors and fighting.

1042
02:32:55.860 --> 02:33:08.100
All of these are typical behaviors that usually can help to maintain group over 70 and group living primates, however, with infected individuals present day, can be quite risky.

1043
02:33:08.940 --> 02:33:15.270
The second aim that I mentioned this, to investigate whether they will engage in pathogen avoidance behaviors.

1044
02:33:15.810 --> 02:33:25.320
Here, my paradigm is inspired by previous work which investigated whether visual pathogen avoidance could be seen in Japanese mechanics.

1045
02:33:25.560 --> 02:33:31.950
Here researchers could place food on either real feces replica vcs or a neutral substrate.

1046
02:33:32.280 --> 02:33:42.330
And they found that for low well have food robots mechanics would avoid eating from both the real feces and replica feces and clearly preferred the neutral substrate.

1047
02:33:43.230 --> 02:33:57.450
I use a similar paradigm is an object choice tasks were fake pieces of from Amazon and cover them in epoxy do to make it look more realistic and as a control I use a wooden block.

1048
02:33:58.080 --> 02:34:11.820
I placed a peanut on top of both of the substrates and would construct a sliding table, basically, giving them the options to pick one of the two peanuts, you can see a trial here.

1049
02:34:13.290 --> 02:34:20.580
With the replica feces on the right side and the substrate wouldn't knock on the left side.

1050
02:34:23.160 --> 02:34:41.970
chooses the left side I conducted for trials of this kind with 15 subjects and I did find a clear effects for my piloting study confirming the previous findings that ultra monkeys seem to engage in pathogen avoidance behavior.

1051
02:34:43.440 --> 02:34:52.560
BRF2 4103: My plan is to use this paradigm, with the infected groups of Japanese mechanics and compared to the not infected group of Japanese mechanics and.

1052
02:34:56.160 --> 02:35:10.890
BRF2 4103: Flexible proactive pathogen avoidance behavior the infected group individuals should be more likely to show pathogen avoidance in this task, compared to the non infected group of Japanese mechanics.

1053
02:35:11.520 --> 02:35:17.880
BRF2 4103: And with that, I would like to thank you for your attention and also special thanks, of course, to Carter for supporting me.

1054
02:35:25.980 --> 02:35:30.390
BRF2 4103: That was great I mean there is there is a lot of experimental is.

1055
02:35:31.890 --> 02:35:35.310
BRF2 4103: Very separate yeah wow.

1056
02:35:36.390 --> 02:35:42.900
BRF2 4103: That was really cool, but I did have a question in terms of like aside from visual cues.

1057
02:35:44.040 --> 02:35:47.370
BRF2 4103: I spent like because it's like it's not going to Mel.

1058
02:35:48.990 --> 02:35:53.250
BRF2 4103: So, similarly, but like, and it is very, very strong response right.

1059
02:35:54.600 --> 02:36:08.730
BRF2 4103: which makes sense, but like I would say that does think the other sorts of debate the sensors like smelled like I think you have the choice between something that smells like excavated not like is it as robust Friday or the visual they always override that.

1060
02:36:09.870 --> 02:36:20.190
BRF2 4103: So there have been studies also misleading tactile and Petrie he was so with chimpanzees and then at some mixed results actually with.

1061
02:36:21.000 --> 02:36:34.290
BRF2 4103: Some of the old world monkeys where that person down for the park Pascal about that and got some inspiration of what kind of see sense I would use which I haven't done yet, but it will definitely be interesting.

1062
02:36:35.790 --> 02:36:40.680
BRF2 4103: The reason why not want to use real PCs and scenarios, because I want to do that, within.

1063
02:36:41.700 --> 02:36:44.130
BRF2 4103: us and it happened yeah.

1064
02:36:45.930 --> 02:36:54.030
BRF2 4103: Really easy, so I just wanted to see that rapid pace, and I use some visual cues to then compare.

1065
02:36:55.080 --> 02:36:55.470
What.

1066
02:36:56.760 --> 02:37:08.010
BRF2 4103: trauma is a little bit that some roots, where the disease it's not President and then some books, with the disease and it by but usually the goal of motivation was to have a big.

1067
02:37:08.280 --> 02:37:16.530
BRF2 4103: Differences yeah and variation medical point which is, which is one controlling for poverty and probably have genetic background someone.

1068
02:37:18.450 --> 02:37:25.380
BRF2 4103: Find out starting this would solve a problem my initial product or something will behave differently, because they're honest and say.

1069
02:37:27.000 --> 02:37:34.230
BRF2 4103: I don't know if they would lessen it differently, because your perspective from the healthy individuals that might trust their behavior.

1070
02:37:34.710 --> 02:37:43.380
BRF2 4103: what's the segments, and will actually be a boy might be can also mentioned that it's the like the effects of the disease that will make impacted and little smaller.

1071
02:37:43.950 --> 02:37:53.310
BRF2 4103: and less likely to engage and sort of corrections so that's like one of the reasons why I want to see if I can also potentially find that they will.

1072
02:37:53.760 --> 02:38:05.970
BRF2 4103: increase their kind of African sensitivity that would be an indicator that potentially it's not just a side effect of the disease, but they might change something about their behavior.

1073
02:38:06.990 --> 02:38:10.800
BRF2 4103: and their social connectedness between that individuals like with the disease.

1074
02:38:11.400 --> 02:38:18.270
BRF2 4103: Like looking at like oh so this first like five eight comes in and they're like best friends with step one and they're just like.

1075
02:38:18.510 --> 02:38:33.360
BRF2 4103: A stronger effect, there are like primate you know seems like I don't even know this, that are going out with it's like I don't really know where these perhaps it's like they're different sort of contact with infected so all the ones that are in groups.

1076
02:38:34.800 --> 02:38:44.640
BRF2 4103: Like they weren't born on that more or less and are ready to use it was mentioned smart and I can manipulate interview survey out and, unfortunately, because we only started.

1077
02:38:45.510 --> 02:38:55.740
BRF2 4103: doing damage to collaborate and conduct research at this field side there's no pre existing social network data which, of course, would be the best case scenario, if I could.

1078
02:38:56.100 --> 02:39:05.160
BRF2 4103: eat before an offer, however there's one thing that the sanctuary is trying to do with their largest group this about like 100 animals right now.

1079
02:39:06.240 --> 02:39:16.950
BRF2 4103: They expect that some of them are sick and positive or maybe not symptomatic, but they also expected a lot of them are probably not effective, because they have some of them.

1080
02:39:17.550 --> 02:39:29.160
BRF2 4103: Little sub groups so same for every wants to test all the roles and then create new groups out of the biggest group one with only sick individuals and one with.

1081
02:39:29.610 --> 02:39:36.840
BRF2 4103: Only healthy individuals so Emily well, I hope that I could just look at the perfect for actors.

1082
02:39:37.260 --> 02:39:48.990
BRF2 4103: especially interesting if you look at how this subset of the ones that turn out to be healthy direct right now with one another and whether they would change something about that so kind of.

1083
02:39:49.470 --> 02:40:02.460
BRF2 4103: Thinking about what our potential long term effects when the new moon the actual risks might be absent now and then we would like to see if they change something about their behavior.

1084
02:40:04.230 --> 02:40:05.640
From from that sense okay.

1085
02:40:08.340 --> 02:40:09.330
BRF2 4103: We have Emily.

1086
02:40:10.590 --> 02:40:11.940
BRF2 4103: Emily you still have a question.

1087
02:40:12.810 --> 02:40:27.360
Emily Davis: Oh yeah I was going to ask a very basic question whether there's any evidence of these monkeys practicing social distancing if they have symptoms but you you already kind of answered that at that it's it's hard to track, but possibly.

1088
02:40:27.840 --> 02:40:30.750
BRF2 4103: yeah, so there are some previous studies that would more.

1089
02:40:30.780 --> 02:40:31.650
Emily Davis: look into.

1090
02:40:32.460 --> 02:40:38.880
BRF2 4103: When apple's parasites and kind of your humans, then you would see that they are less likely to get.

1091
02:40:39.180 --> 02:40:48.750
BRF2 4103: by other monkey's and you could I guess Satan in some instances, they will simply like distance themselves from sick individuals.

1092
02:40:49.980 --> 02:40:50.910
BRF2 4103: But most of that.

1093
02:40:50.940 --> 02:40:52.260
BRF2 4103: comes from yeah like.

1094
02:40:52.320 --> 02:40:54.960
BRF2 4103: parasites and not lipo diseases.

1095
02:40:56.100 --> 02:41:02.850
BRF2 4103: So I guess that remains to be seen by the viral diseases, you will know, sick dramatic cycle right yeah.

1096
02:41:04.620 --> 02:41:06.450
BRF2 4103: But it's kind of the difficulty is.

1097
02:41:06.450 --> 02:41:06.750
Emily Davis: That.

1098
02:41:07.230 --> 02:41:21.660
BRF2 4103: I guess it's hard to tell what extent is it the effect, driven by just individuals being sick and behaving differently are like what is the role of healthy individuals altering their behavior costs for new study interactions and the walls.

1099
02:41:23.940 --> 02:41:28.770
which would that make it easier if you've segregated that as a plan to do right yeah.

1100
02:41:29.940 --> 02:41:30.720
Yes, different.

1101
02:41:32.340 --> 02:41:44.970
BRF2 4103: I just was wondering about so the amazing like who versus what block experiment How does that compare solo musician rather than certain other mammals and all the way to kind of cereal.

1102
02:41:46.770 --> 02:42:05.640
BRF2 4103: I think yeah like there that's kind of for the advanced underneath us when i'm creating more about right now, like yourself a lot of once a year supply kind of this case for foods and makes a lot of sense in that domain and also vcs will be honest, I don't know too much about rodents.

1103
02:42:07.650 --> 02:42:14.430
BRF2 4103: yeah I mean it works, they also it's a general term ooh yeah.

1104
02:42:15.450 --> 02:42:17.340
BRF2 4103: I think that's kind of a problem with.

1105
02:42:18.930 --> 02:42:22.980
BRF2 4103: With lab animals, obviously, to get them kind of a city environment.

1106
02:42:25.320 --> 02:42:33.570
BRF2 4103: yeah and just like anecdotally the warm leads this mechanic gambit that was always face from this group.

1107
02:42:34.980 --> 02:42:50.400
BRF2 4103: For that one must one of the most recent additions to the sanctuary coming like from a former pet owner who kept him like in a bar cage or they never seen anything so you wouldn't expect that that monkey was bothered but you've got your answer Emily.

1108
02:42:54.690 --> 02:42:56.400
BRF2 4103: Oliver and granda.

1109
02:42:58.050 --> 02:43:01.440
BRF2 4103: They were also so that's kind of the thing that the wants of I.

1110
02:43:02.370 --> 02:43:19.470
BRF2 4103: test, so the sanctuary on the one hand festive Japanese mech packs that work transplanted from the wildland Japan to Texas in the 70s, but then, when one for the organization over dates banner that to be like a more typical animal sanctuary where they also have a lot of former.

1111
02:43:20.850 --> 02:43:33.420
BRF2 4103: pets and animals, so my main interest of the pattern lab animals for my tree test and so maybe pick my eating be stronger with more like nationally socialized sports.

1112
02:43:35.430 --> 02:43:39.390
BRF2 4103: Excellent so we'll go to the next week, which is Max Max.

1113
02:43:49.110 --> 02:43:56.760
hi i'm matt says Lansky i'm a PhD student linguistics department at ucsd and I joined the anthropology and specialization.

1114
02:43:57.780 --> 02:44:00.540
I believe in 2018 prior to the start of covert.

1115
02:44:01.680 --> 02:44:08.730
i'm affiliated with the mayberry blab for multimodal language development lab which focuses on the description and neuroimaging.

1116
02:44:09.270 --> 02:44:26.970
of populations of death Americans who use American sign language and learned it later in life after a period of language deprivation i'm co advised by Rachel mayberry and Feral ackerman and my own work focuses on modeling in describing linguistic complexity.

1117
02:44:28.110 --> 02:44:33.270
And it's particularly important for me to be clear about what I mean when I say complexity.

1118
02:44:33.750 --> 02:44:49.440
My hypothesis is that something was to communities, like, for example, communities of deaf signers or rural mountain is communities exhibit higher complexity, because they exhibit higher degrees of tolerance for variation than other communities.

1119
02:44:50.730 --> 02:45:03.240
The elimination of a regular forms that provide that complexity happens because of a process of accommodation to societal norms or societal expectations that you find in the standard language.

1120
02:45:04.380 --> 02:45:11.610
Ajit Varki: A lot of literature looking at what makes human language uniquely complex focuses on our productive capacity to combine elements of meaning.

1121
02:45:12.540 --> 02:45:25.050
Ajit Varki: To syntax alone yeah one of the insights from the lexical list tradition in linguistics holds that different languages may express the same grammatical function with different strategies of either clause formation so syntax.

1122
02:45:25.860 --> 02:45:36.690
Ajit Varki: or word formation so morphology to give an example of the kind of data that i'm talking about instead of the example of English, I made him run, which is just foreign words vs Turkish.

1123
02:45:38.700 --> 02:45:46.740
Five syllables two words or kind of ballpark, which is also two words but even longer on Jordan, because the.

1124
02:45:47.880 --> 02:45:55.530
So this sort of complexity and word formation is not equally distributed across all human languages, but it does appear to be uniquely human.

1125
02:45:56.490 --> 02:46:06.900
If you come at cognition from the lens of English, then yes syntax appears to be doing a lot of the communicative load in conveying meaning, but if you come from the areas where I work.

1126
02:46:07.950 --> 02:46:23.550
Like in Georgia, where I work with Georgian sign language or Azerbaijan, where I work with three different communities or in Pakistan where kaka kaka spoken a lot of these languages seem to be using word structure to convey a lot of this meeting and the complexity of lies there.

1127
02:46:25.530 --> 02:46:31.530
The complexity in the organization of that word structure can be captured, for example in.

1128
02:46:31.980 --> 02:46:41.820
The network so of classes of regular and a regular words across the languages that I, for example, do here for a highly standard urban language like Turkish.

1129
02:46:42.210 --> 02:46:54.930
And the dialectical variant of Azerbaijani used in the rural community and you see here that there's a proliferation of classes in the Azerbaijani network that is both more.

1130
02:46:55.500 --> 02:47:04.170
interconnected in the great component here but also consists of several sub components that are not present in the standard Turkish.

1131
02:47:05.070 --> 02:47:22.290
If we take seriously the hypotheses anthropologists like Anthony cousin of that different kinds of substance patterns lead to different kinds of cultural transmission, then this is something that I think needs to be more rigorously explored by linguists.

1132
02:47:24.240 --> 02:47:33.930
The distinction being made here is not just between Turkish or Azerbaijani but perhaps between two different kinds of societal organization.

1133
02:47:37.350 --> 02:47:40.590
One of the questions i'm exploring and my dissertation work is asking.

1134
02:47:41.040 --> 02:47:58.680
Where deaf communities fit in all of this, the deaf Community sign languages tend to exhibit quite complex morphology not unlike what is found, for example in dialectical Azerbaijani or into the call Puck, and yet they tend to often be urban communities.

1135
02:47:59.940 --> 02:48:12.570
So, to be frank coven has really sucked I have not been able to carry out the experimental work testing my hypotheses that morphological complexity is correlated with different degrees of social accommodation in different societies.

1136
02:48:13.950 --> 02:48:22.590
Because in person research has been really impossible, I was carrying out this work in Georgia, before I got evacuated by the State Department at the start of the pandemic.

1137
02:48:23.940 --> 02:48:33.060
But I recently got awarded more funding for this so we'll see what happens in the meantime, though Carter has provided a really rich framework for me to reconceptualize some of these ideas.

1138
02:48:34.560 --> 02:48:45.540
Eight and previous imposing has really provided ways for me to approach the literature on social learning in other primates, namely chimpanzees so that has been a great experience.

1139
02:48:47.280 --> 02:48:58.590
mocha in the context of the advanced anthropology course was a fantastic experience it allowed me to approach branches of literature and animal communication that I had never really addressed before.

1140
02:48:59.370 --> 02:49:13.950
Particularly new for me was the literature on whale song and different clans of whales engaging in social learning and discussions with all of you have really helped sustain some of my passion for this work.

1141
02:49:31.980 --> 02:49:32.310
perfectly.

1142
02:49:35.880 --> 02:49:40.410
i'm not as well versed this, but you know a little bit about like.

1143
02:49:42.240 --> 02:49:48.630
English and stuff like that, so people like an effect on how I should be right back.

1144
02:49:53.610 --> 02:50:01.500
BRF2 4103: And the creation of the system right and we did for the experience and we've had people go to find that they saw separately as a.

1145
02:50:02.370 --> 02:50:15.570
BRF2 4103: partner and assigned to you, and then they go back to separately, again we saw like these facts employer that again beginning to like people are starting to adopt what other people did so, for example, we have like we saw one drop it.

1146
02:50:16.710 --> 02:50:20.550
You have to pay that all we need someone else so it's quite a good life.

1147
02:50:23.190 --> 02:50:37.800
What the beginning, I was just like, let me just copy this entire cluster so we can pop out like perhaps it'd be good, but it would be getting into fact that he was going to find the wall their belt, but there was sort of some sort of thing and then it sends out.

1148
02:50:38.910 --> 02:50:40.740
Like depending on how complex.

1149
02:50:42.030 --> 02:50:47.820
BRF2 4103: It is so in the case of the problems that you people.

1150
02:50:49.800 --> 02:50:50.610
course.

1151
02:50:54.690 --> 02:50:56.730
When you see they're not necessarily in this.

1152
02:50:58.290 --> 02:51:03.360
complex but it's conventional patterns so there's a pattern.

1153
02:51:04.650 --> 02:51:07.710
start out as something that like.

1154
02:51:10.620 --> 02:51:12.330
Those mentioned.

1155
02:51:14.520 --> 02:51:18.660
BRF2 4103: On the thing about this a little bit about.

1156
02:51:19.980 --> 02:51:25.080
ocean, you deserve some of that very so you come into the system.

1157
02:51:26.400 --> 02:51:35.310
Like Sunday backpacks science science assistant they develop that so replacing credit, the question is how much of that very.

1158
02:51:36.810 --> 02:51:43.290
Community call it, something that variation and be preserved and still be considered kind of that.

1159
02:51:44.910 --> 02:51:51.450
And if we brought them sign fine adoption lot of variation but you also find some presentation.

1160
02:51:52.560 --> 02:51:58.350
And the degree of education, I think something is it's somewhat similar to what you see in other.

1161
02:52:00.030 --> 02:52:04.020
BRF2 4103: Maybe, because there are 345 forms or it's a bird.

1162
02:52:05.550 --> 02:52:15.600
BRF2 4103: So it gets people will do this today, what do they do when they have more struck words like words like passing the question or words about like.

1163
02:52:18.450 --> 02:52:23.280
Not like passing away and just not be kind of more things that are so easily amenable.

1164
02:52:24.330 --> 02:52:24.990
to that.

1165
02:52:26.130 --> 02:52:31.800
So that's kind of the pack and no digital team member that.

1166
02:52:33.540 --> 02:52:34.200
Yes.

1167
02:52:36.540 --> 02:52:37.110
Because.

1168
02:52:39.660 --> 02:52:42.690
The context of English as they wanted was.

1169
02:52:45.480 --> 02:52:54.030
To change, so this complexity, I think that I can easily talk to someone who lives in Britain needs to be able to.

1170
02:52:55.290 --> 02:52:58.410
Access to like a big speakers, instead of like.

1171
02:53:00.030 --> 02:53:00.420
yeah.

1172
02:53:02.160 --> 02:53:04.740
that's a good question, I think, in some ways it.

1173
02:53:06.450 --> 02:53:18.750
BRF2 4103: really reduce some of the great will not be available wasn't before so, for example, you can look at hertz and ebooks and ask what's the path, and so they learned they.

1174
02:53:20.310 --> 02:53:21.000
learned it's.

1175
02:53:22.590 --> 02:53:30.810
Not very easy used to be associated with like a British American difference, but over time, especially with more it's kind of cross validation we have.

1176
02:53:31.830 --> 02:53:32.220
That.

1177
02:53:33.420 --> 02:53:41.070
BRF2 4103: Regional specification that's kind of gloves right, and now you have lots of like known speakers really yeah learn learn, they will find there.

1178
02:53:42.420 --> 02:53:49.620
BRF2 4103: So there's several reintroduction of some of that, but on the other hand, we agreed that Asians have some of the phrase means.

1179
02:53:50.640 --> 02:53:51.930
Where people will form like.

1180
02:53:53.190 --> 02:54:09.120
BRF2 4103: So, for example, I printed out the it's neat stuff tradition Johnny there Those are two communities out there, and so our contact, but some of them are using that was announced, they don't need it's actually really forced online where they built an appearance spaces.

1181
02:54:10.140 --> 02:54:10.950
That don't really have a.

1182
02:54:12.780 --> 02:54:15.630
BRF2 4103: very real life, those spaces arms.

1183
02:54:17.460 --> 02:54:22.590
BRF2 4103: And the legs touch create let's have lunch have less yeah.

1184
02:54:23.850 --> 02:54:35.160
BRF2 4103: i'm like okay people open up like this is getting old it's like the far right, for example, community that was already falter online and they have certain kinds of vocabulary.

1185
02:54:36.720 --> 02:54:40.020
Online that's not necessarily in the grammar of it doesn't.

1186
02:54:41.040 --> 02:54:41.940
feel right.

1187
02:54:43.500 --> 02:54:51.180
BRF2 4103: So i'm not an experiment, but there's room for both both ways to have a good thing if necessary.

1188
02:55:02.370 --> 02:55:18.900
Arturs Semenuks: My Thank you really cool presentation, I want to talk to you about like it's like in a more extended for what some other time, but I have a short question, right now, so I really like that hypothesis about how you know speaking quote unquote properly might lead to reduction of complexity.

1189
02:55:19.950 --> 02:55:31.530
Arturs Semenuks: But could you imagine that, like the same sort of desire to speak properly could actually lead to retain it of complexity of like a complex form is considered to be proper or do you think that that can be happening.

1190
02:55:34.650 --> 02:55:37.620
BRF2 4103: But I think it's often techniques that the kind of standard language.

1191
02:55:40.140 --> 02:55:44.880
Production i'm like permissions are going to be the example just because in Turkish now.

1192
02:55:46.830 --> 02:55:47.550
BRF2 4103: That needs to be the.

1193
02:55:48.780 --> 02:55:49.980
last person.

1194
02:55:51.060 --> 02:55:59.580
BRF2 4103: English one of them resolve it was last is an effort at standardizing the written pattern, the old kind of.

1195
02:56:00.960 --> 02:56:07.200
BRF2 4103: gets lost nothing stops a lot about this, they kind of get lost when when the notion of standardized.

1196
02:56:08.910 --> 02:56:13.440
BRF2 4103: So I think there's a general tendency for production I don't think it's universal obviously the person.

1197
02:56:15.060 --> 02:56:20.070
centered link in the bottom right, so you can preserve I don't think.

1198
02:56:25.470 --> 02:56:25.800
Arturs Semenuks: Thank you.

1199
02:56:26.910 --> 02:56:27.390
BRF2 4103: very much.

1200
02:56:27.510 --> 02:56:28.740
BRF2 4103: And then we move on to our.

1201
02:56:29.010 --> 02:56:32.700
BRF2 4103: presentation, thank you, thank you.

1202
02:56:34.830 --> 02:56:41.040
hi everyone, my name is Arthur i'm a PhD student in the computer science department working in shona called slack.

1203
02:56:42.720 --> 02:56:56.280
And my PhD research is influenced them informed by this paper, the myth of language universals by Nicholas Evans and Stephen levinson in which they make my opinion at least a pretty good case for.

1204
02:56:57.660 --> 02:56:58.680
Saying that.

1205
02:56:59.760 --> 02:57:07.830
A lot of absolute universals so universals that suggests that certain structures are always found or can be found and languages.

1206
02:57:08.790 --> 02:57:16.740
are actually not absolutely and that's the range of diversity of structures founded in the language is a lot broader than people typically soon.

1207
02:57:17.430 --> 02:57:26.910
As they put in here we're the only species with a communication system that is fundamentally variable at all levels, and if that is actually the case that warrants investigation.

1208
02:57:28.890 --> 02:57:33.150
So in my PhD research, I tried to push the progress on this question.

1209
02:57:34.290 --> 02:57:36.690
I did it using two different approaches.

1210
02:57:37.830 --> 02:57:48.480
In one I use of personal assistant databases to investigate whether rarities that violate previously proposed and universal are distributed randomly or not.

1211
02:57:50.160 --> 02:57:55.710
And we find that they are not distributed randomly in respect to many different variables so, for example, if you look at where.

1212
02:57:55.830 --> 02:58:07.320
These charities and found they're much more commonly found in Europe compared to many other places, and many police in there, found much less commonly when you'd expect you also find in Europe, but like more commonly you expect based on simulation.

1213
02:58:08.730 --> 02:58:17.940
And you find similar results just for area but also working with the family for different geographic variables like population size.

1214
02:58:18.780 --> 02:58:27.030
and also for aspects of family, for example, stuff like how many Members from a linguistic family has.

1215
02:58:27.630 --> 02:58:38.220
and different results have your different interpretations, some of these results suggest that maybe we focus on certain types of languages, a lot more than we should when proposing these Apps and universities.

1216
02:58:39.120 --> 02:58:51.720
Are the results of just that maybe linguistic structure is a lot more path dependence compared to what we expect, meaning that what language structure language has depends what mood is history.

1217
02:58:53.370 --> 02:59:03.450
And you know the strength of my research I look into whether there might be some other types of constraints information theoretic constraints, for example, language structure.

1218
02:59:04.110 --> 02:59:13.440
So in other part of my research, for example, I investigate whether I complexity, this measure of basically how well, you can predict forms a word, no one.

1219
02:59:14.640 --> 02:59:17.790
proposed by rob maloof and for all men pure tcp.

1220
02:59:18.780 --> 02:59:25.440
What did that constraints linguistic structure more than we'd expect and we find that actually in this case that at least based on the data that we have.

1221
02:59:25.800 --> 02:59:30.300
That actually is true so here, you see each of the square is a specific language and these.

1222
02:59:30.780 --> 02:59:43.890
hills mean chips are distributions of simulated values of why complexity that we expect with the languages and the blue lines are the actual buttons and like complexity and it's just a complexity is a lot more optimized than you'd expect by chance.

1223
02:59:45.210 --> 02:59:53.220
And working on, I know, starting to pursue after my PhD we're looking at further than than that so, for example, if you have a sequence of elements, they can be.

1224
02:59:53.610 --> 03:00:05.550
The elements in the sequence can depend on each other and waste that can be no dependence of this local dependency on its complex nesting dependencies across the bay dependencies and we're investigating where'd you find markers for.

1225
03:00:07.500 --> 03:00:18.720
These types of dependencies in terms of your biological processing for a soldier activity, not just in the language but also in music and species that are not specifically looking at.

1226
03:00:20.790 --> 03:00:27.630
Over the time that I have been here a PhD student at participated in several symposia so I participate in six and you can see here.

1227
03:00:28.500 --> 03:00:38.460
And I was lucky enough to hear a lot of different perspectives on anthropology so in the organism definitely does mortality at shadow Professor renfrew.

1228
03:00:39.360 --> 03:00:44.970
Talk about the archaeological perspective on these questions in the extra new variation of the human mind that shadow.

1229
03:00:45.360 --> 03:00:51.750
And Berman, who looked at Williams syndrome and selling cellular molecular exploration of progeny I shadowed you on a resource.

1230
03:00:52.530 --> 03:01:02.160
he's interested in your quest to read instance some domestication hypothesis, and the connection to language between us and technology or shadow team white.

1231
03:01:03.060 --> 03:01:19.170
For provided an overall conceptual view for the symposium in anthropology in the perspective from Africa, I shadow junkie be presented new pally scientific research on human origins from Kenya and human the plant alternates eyeshadow grubb knight who.

1232
03:01:20.430 --> 03:01:24.180
Presented work on the changes and microbiome and looking them.

1233
03:01:25.200 --> 03:01:27.660
In the current world that we live in.

1234
03:01:28.800 --> 03:01:36.390
i've been very lucky to participate in all of them out there also been lucky to participate in some field course where it was just very inspiring to see.

1235
03:01:37.440 --> 03:01:39.450
interest with which Pascal and other Members.

1236
03:01:40.470 --> 03:01:50.400
Of that future field course you know actually encountered a lot of the stuff that we talked about in you know, in all of our content and in terms of my general interest in.

1237
03:01:51.840 --> 03:02:04.170
In anthropology i'm really interested in relationship between language and human mind sort of what ways does language shape how we think and depend on how mistake and it's possible to find another species.

1238
03:02:05.400 --> 03:02:06.990
Thank you, and that is it.

1239
03:02:18.870 --> 03:02:20.070
BRF2 4103: Yes, yeah.

1240
03:02:25.980 --> 03:02:30.780
So in physical type in my my own work, and I look at like.

1241
03:02:31.920 --> 03:02:39.870
BRF2 4103: preferences for different types of life in different cultural groups even reflected in sorts of life forms and things like that so, for example.

1242
03:02:40.380 --> 03:02:55.620
BRF2 4103: confessions of love lives in China or holistic a family, friends, as well as your partner versus the West words to your next part when you see this love songs or, like me, you versus the world us the training wheels off, but be you and your body.

1243
03:02:57.900 --> 03:03:13.650
BRF2 4103: Do you see this reflected this like type of language use a model like languages reflected in order to fulfill our effects as well, like conferences for different types of music, for example, or like things like that just kind of curious that overlap.

1244
03:03:17.880 --> 03:03:19.680
Arturs Semenuks: You sorry I didn't hear your.

1245
03:03:20.280 --> 03:03:26.220
Arturs Semenuks: I didn't hear the question completely sorry I didn't hear what you're asking about whether it's reflected in language structure.

1246
03:03:27.210 --> 03:03:31.560
BRF2 4103: yeah there's cultural artifacts that for the language structure.

1247
03:03:33.540 --> 03:03:42.600
Arturs Semenuks: Oh that's a really good question uh you know I don't think I don't have like a prepared answer I could eat you think on the fly, but like one thing that I would say, is, I mean definitely like.

1248
03:03:43.650 --> 03:03:45.600
Arturs Semenuks: I think one clear case is.

1249
03:03:47.400 --> 03:03:56.250
Arturs Semenuks: it's sort of a it's like a simultaneous cultural artifact natural material artifact but you know stories that we tell our kids right.

1250
03:03:57.660 --> 03:04:02.310
Arturs Semenuks: In European languages, for example, a lot of them have grammatical gender.

1251
03:04:02.700 --> 03:04:16.470
Arturs Semenuks: and which gender the animals get is reflected in the you know, in the stories so like you know, like if in one language bunnies feminine you know it's going to be like you know, a girl if if it's the length of the language of bunnies masculine is going to be a voice.

1252
03:04:17.460 --> 03:04:32.310
Arturs Semenuks: And you know you see this actually this like really interesting study where they looked at personification of abstract entities in art and you see that there's like a very strong correlation between the artists native language is grammatical gender of that abstract.

1253
03:04:33.450 --> 03:04:45.690
Arturs Semenuks: concept and the actual personification so I guess you know, this is just a single example, but I feel like you know if there i'm sure there's plenty of other examples So yes, I hope that answers the question yeah.

1254
03:04:48.150 --> 03:04:55.320
BRF2 4103: what's going on with Navajo was that the one outlier you predicted versus observed.

1255
03:04:59.070 --> 03:05:02.190
BRF2 4103: On one of your slides I think was green.

1256
03:05:03.450 --> 03:05:03.840
Arturs Semenuks: beans.

1257
03:05:04.590 --> 03:05:08.400
Arturs Semenuks: yeah Navajo just has a basically it has the.

1258
03:05:09.690 --> 03:05:14.940
Arturs Semenuks: that's like a byproduct of the methodology itself like now, the hall has like a very.

1259
03:05:15.900 --> 03:05:29.220
Arturs Semenuks: It has a structure where like doesn't look like a lot of variation if you try to simulate it so like it kind of like it creates this like it shows him there's a lot of variation but actually like all those like values of the simulations are in a very small range.

1260
03:05:31.140 --> 03:05:43.980
BRF2 4103: A bath united late late arrival overran 30.

1261
03:05:46.830 --> 03:05:50.070
BRF2 4103: here's where you're thinking here.

1262
03:05:54.450 --> 03:05:57.990
Arturs Semenuks: Psychological not sorry I can't hear you very.

1263
03:06:01.770 --> 03:06:08.640
BRF2 4103: Much microphone is somewhere around here, so I said i'm just curious if you're thinking of thinking more focus on the.

1264
03:06:09.900 --> 03:06:12.930
Arturs Semenuks: process tendencies and the only dependencies and even.

1265
03:06:13.680 --> 03:06:16.110
BRF2 4103: This word for you're going to be doing more cycling.

1266
03:06:19.380 --> 03:06:20.010
Arturs Semenuks: um i'm.

1267
03:06:21.090 --> 03:06:25.290
Arturs Semenuks: You know i'm for now kind of like wasn't too I.

1268
03:06:26.610 --> 03:06:32.310
Arturs Semenuks: haven't thought about that, like so right now we're we're like we've collected some data for rats and humans are we're analyzing it and, just like.

1269
03:06:33.420 --> 03:06:40.950
Arturs Semenuks: Some of the market than we expected to be present there aren't really present so I basically you know there's a certain.

1270
03:06:42.300 --> 03:06:50.640
Arturs Semenuks: there's a certain way, to look at whether linguistic constellations tracking with structure that like is applicable to to those to like the local what I call them.

1271
03:06:51.120 --> 03:06:58.020
Arturs Semenuks: dependencies and the APP like no dependencies but you can't really apply to the other two structures, like next and then cross and.

1272
03:06:59.160 --> 03:07:08.310
Arturs Semenuks: I was interested in applying the similar methodology so like your longest dependency and stuff like that, but the markers that we expected to see for those types of.

1273
03:07:09.600 --> 03:07:19.740
Arturs Semenuks: Like message structures aren't like we don't see them, but we might see different patterns so kind of it kind of depends on how the I guess the results play out yeah.

1274
03:07:22.890 --> 03:07:25.830
BRF2 4103: Thank you okay we'll move on James.

1275
03:07:27.330 --> 03:07:28.620
Arturs Semenuks: Is our next speaker.

1276
03:07:30.720 --> 03:07:36.120
hi i'm James and i'm going to talk about about my research and one of the symposium talks that I found especially interesting this year.

1277
03:07:37.410 --> 03:07:40.950
First i'm going to discuss the trick starts talking for quarter about technology.

1278
03:07:43.500 --> 03:07:49.620
One thing I appreciate it in this talk was the view of technology at multiple scales from the genetic site or scales and space.

1279
03:07:50.010 --> 03:08:01.620
And from the neurons individual neurons firing to long term evolutionary changes and the time scale and the important insight that each scale or the events on a scale at least can affect the others in both directions.

1280
03:08:02.970 --> 03:08:15.690
Specific research discussed focus on the demands and adaptations associated with technology, but the evolutionary evolutionary and the genetic levels so thinking about things like the evolutionary changes in the perceptual motor areas in the brain.

1281
03:08:16.740 --> 03:08:27.480
The effects of learning and practice, both in the brain and general kind of coordinate to coordination other kinds of capabilities and the content demands or producing and learning how to produce technology.

1282
03:08:28.410 --> 03:08:35.130
I thought this was particularly interesting because of the amount of evidence showing how many relatively small changes on the evolutionary pressure.

1283
03:08:35.400 --> 03:08:39.870
Can need is such a big difference in the perceptual motown general contract capacities that we have today.

1284
03:08:40.410 --> 03:08:50.250
and other words there was no one specific adaptation or change that allowed us to get where we are now, it was multiple related and associated changes and the transmission of information across generations.

1285
03:08:51.600 --> 03:08:56.490
And I thought this was particularly of interest to my research was just language, because for a long time.

1286
03:08:56.940 --> 03:09:09.120
there's been an idea that there's a specific cognitive capacity in the brain for language that evolved on its own, and specifically for the purpose of language, and now this idea is less common but it's still held by many researchers today.

1287
03:09:10.800 --> 03:09:21.780
Most of my work specifically focuses on something called the end 400, which is the neural signal that seems to reflect the extent to which we expect a specific word in this example he spread the one bread with butter.

1288
03:09:22.800 --> 03:09:34.020
This butter elicit smaller than the unexpected word sucks and you can see here the word sucks unless it's a much higher amplitude response, and this is from an old study on and 400.

1289
03:09:35.610 --> 03:09:36.810
A more recent study.

1290
03:09:39.090 --> 03:09:45.210
Has this for the following examples so consider the peanut was salted versus the peanut was in love.

1291
03:09:45.720 --> 03:09:51.570
Obviously the sentence, the peanut was salted seems a lot more natural unexpected and the peanut was in love when considered like this.

1292
03:09:52.020 --> 03:09:59.010
But now let's look at the whole context, a woman so don't some peanut heard a big smile on his face the peanut was seeing about a girl here just met.

1293
03:09:59.490 --> 03:10:05.580
And, judging from the song the payment was totally crazy about her the woman thought was really cute to see a peanut seeing and don't think like that.

1294
03:10:06.240 --> 03:10:10.560
And now, in this context, the peanut was in love seems a lot more appropriate than the peanut was sorted.

1295
03:10:11.190 --> 03:10:20.340
And this shows how powerful our expectation our expectations are about what can come next and how they affect of context on our expectations.

1296
03:10:20.790 --> 03:10:30.870
And we actually can see in the 400 that the peanut was sorted elicit too much higher and 400 amplitude So these are the electrodes that where it's most obvious.

1297
03:10:31.800 --> 03:10:41.010
than the peanut was enough, this is complete reversal of what we normally expect, so how does this happen, how we able to follow such a ridiculous story.

1298
03:10:42.390 --> 03:10:49.350
Is it because we have complicated internal models about these imaginary worlds that are being described, or is it that we require this.

1299
03:10:49.890 --> 03:11:00.870
Complicated we reason about what is entailed by the fact that people can sing and dance and have emotions and then work out whether it's possible for the pinata fall in love, or to be salted or can it be something simpler.

1300
03:11:02.760 --> 03:11:09.480
So one recent technology that you may have heard of is the language model on specifically these large language models that are quite popular today.

1301
03:11:10.020 --> 03:11:17.130
And the idea of these is that there are a computational system that can predict the next word in a sequence of words based only on the context and trained only on language.

1302
03:11:17.730 --> 03:11:31.230
So they can be used to model relatively simple statistical and associates and mechanisms in the brain and I tested with such systems can act in the same way as humans, or rather have the same expectations as humans, so we see that they do well, except for this particular model.

1303
03:11:32.520 --> 03:11:41.490
And you can see that the balls in the Left represent how surprised each of these models all when they see the sentences in the room, so either adjust the peanut was salted Filipinos and love.

1304
03:11:41.940 --> 03:11:50.460
And we can see the peanut was tilted elicits a much smaller surprise, also the models are much less surprised by it, then the peanut was enough, which is what we'd expect, on the other hand.

1305
03:11:50.910 --> 03:12:07.290
And on the right, these balls so these, we have the the surprise of the models when they have the previous context, and here we see that it's reversed, so the peanut was salted is actually more surprising an opinion was in love after hearing that story, though I just read.

1306
03:12:08.910 --> 03:12:15.330
So what do we learn simple or evolutionary older MAC statistical associates and mechanisms can explain the fact.

1307
03:12:15.930 --> 03:12:22.050
This suggests the language can recruit the simpler mechanisms to shape our expectations and not just the linguistic expectations.

1308
03:12:22.530 --> 03:12:38.730
To previous work on the 100 has shown that, actually, we can see that the previous context, even linguistic context and especially importantly linguistic context can shape our visual expectations here so, for example, the word pipe hairless more than 400 compared to another image.

1309
03:12:39.990 --> 03:12:49.710
And so, this shows that, or at least provides evidence for this idea that's becoming more and more popular that language can be considered some kind of computer technology.

1310
03:12:50.100 --> 03:12:55.860
The shapes the landscape of neural activation our brain, thank you for listening and I look forward to hearing the other talks.

1311
03:13:02.760 --> 03:13:15.210
BRF2 4103: was at one of those or vimeo so it's so I had to pick the director was in Dutch, and so I use the presence of 20 to.

1312
03:13:16.680 --> 03:13:19.950
BRF2 4103: 30 here which are like related but three is for me.

1313
03:13:21.480 --> 03:13:39.900
BRF2 4103: So for all of you probably know more about the strength of these these pre training programs, the same thing is that they are not, they can do it in any language as long as you're trying to keep in mind yeah not language yeah yeah exactly the structure of the like the mathematical.

1314
03:13:42.090 --> 03:13:50.760
BRF2 4103: Many dimensional arrays again it doesn't disrupt over the model isn't it works for automatic beta tested on.

1315
03:13:51.870 --> 03:13:54.870
It kind of just they just learned how to predict the next day.

1316
03:13:56.460 --> 03:14:15.690
BRF2 4103: yeah That was the strange thing I think what he was was in Australia wrote an essay that he wrote an essay on the nature of omission or something like and then they use those essays and retrain the system which then generate an essay which is at least as good as the very, as I said.

1317
03:14:19.020 --> 03:14:19.530
BRF2 4103: yeah.

1318
03:14:21.330 --> 03:14:36.150
BRF2 4103: I talked to Danny probably nearly like programmatic or he's he's making he's making a sports to prove where the systems fail oh yeah I mean that's our main focus and all of us to look at where they fit you probably find out where they fail, but find out what they see.

1319
03:14:38.820 --> 03:14:40.350
yeah persons were doing.

1320
03:14:42.510 --> 03:14:43.560
BRF2 4103: Yes, Emily and then our.

1321
03:14:45.330 --> 03:14:47.370
Emily Davis: pool talk well I just.

1322
03:14:48.420 --> 03:14:51.450
Emily Davis: want to say, I think it was kind of a funny coincidence that you have.

1323
03:14:52.680 --> 03:15:09.810
Emily Davis: example about a singing dancing peanuts, which shows anthropomorphic behaviors and devotions and how that tied in with 10 years she's talked earlier about how we can attribute human characteristics to non human entities if they share certain behaviors i'm sure interesting Thank you.

1324
03:15:22.680 --> 03:15:27.900
Arturs Semenuks: I also i'm going to echo what Emily said really cool top James I guess I kind of have a I have a question about I guess.

1325
03:15:28.680 --> 03:15:42.120
Arturs Semenuks: Across linguistic aspect of this work, so I i've read research that basically suggests that you know languages word less of a fixed word order prediction kind of plays lesson we're all in language comprehension.

1326
03:15:42.900 --> 03:15:55.440
Arturs Semenuks: Is I was just wondering whether you know anything about that, and you know if he has I guess i'm wondering what do you think that would have been if that would have any effect on you know the power of these predictive neural network models.

1327
03:15:55.800 --> 03:16:00.270
BRF2 4103: yeah so i'm that is a question I was thinking about making a.

1328
03:16:01.290 --> 03:16:12.240
BRF2 4103: renewal for that, I would just be looking at these models and maybe looking at like have a data, because we probably don't have you know that running and he needs that kind of.

1329
03:16:13.110 --> 03:16:21.930
BRF2 4103: You know, but yeah i'm from what I understand that this is good evidence that rather than like predicting specific words.

1330
03:16:22.560 --> 03:16:33.870
BRF2 4103: We might be predicting kind of like features of the words like the meetings, mostly like um maybe when I like activating like sensory motor representations of the kinds of things we expect to.

1331
03:16:34.380 --> 03:16:43.980
BRF2 4103: be coming up um and we do actually seem to be doing it for an individual ones as well, so I think yeah I think that's a good question um I suspect.

1332
03:16:44.520 --> 03:16:58.170
BRF2 4103: That it might be that different features all activates in different languages, depending on how how important wonder whether it's because they don't see any evidence that like you can activate things are linked to like the whole event being discussed.

1333
03:16:59.700 --> 03:17:02.100
BRF2 4103: Even if it doesn't make sense as a word, so I think.

1334
03:17:03.270 --> 03:17:08.790
BRF2 4103: I just wrote about the seriously by car, but like there are instances where, if you say one thing that's like related.

1335
03:17:11.010 --> 03:17:11.790
BRF2 4103: Oh, it was like.

1336
03:17:12.960 --> 03:17:23.790
BRF2 4103: You know you talk about someone mountain biking and then you say you know he fell off the bike is probably that something normal, but then, if you see fell off the de.

1337
03:17:24.240 --> 03:17:32.880
BRF2 4103: Then people also you know, have a smaller response, the ones that are related to each other, they don't make sense in the context know as small as like the word.

1338
03:17:33.510 --> 03:17:42.150
BRF2 4103: Like, but it does suggest that were like it's not just the words themselves so like you know, like reading or listening kind of activates like the whole.

1339
03:17:42.750 --> 03:17:48.570
BRF2 4103: Like experience experiential kind of thing is like you know the mind's eye and we'll have like you know that kind of thing.

1340
03:17:49.110 --> 03:18:04.020
BRF2 4103: So I suspect, you will get it, but maybe it's not as maybe don't boys habitual words as much as in English, when you do find it felt like a like in boxes lab does the one where they found that you there's a difference between like a on.

1341
03:18:05.580 --> 03:18:12.810
BRF2 4103: Depending on how, when the most likely next word starts with a vowel consonant so like that's really specific.

1342
03:18:15.300 --> 03:18:19.500
BRF2 4103: Lessons probably won't find stuff like that specific thing that's fixable.

1343
03:18:20.910 --> 03:18:21.960
Arturs Semenuks: awesome Thank you so much.

1344
03:18:24.420 --> 03:18:29.880
BRF2 4103: Oh kids like I feel like kids are really funny but it uses.

1345
03:18:32.070 --> 03:18:46.830
BRF2 4103: The funniest thing that has nothing to do with the story and I get a sense to them yeah is it like the privacy like children really be like yeah like that that's yeah so I know that variation across across the whole life.

1346
03:18:48.360 --> 03:19:00.930
BRF2 4103: It changes over time i'm not sure exactly what we think about kids I know that it actually might be effects seems to decrease the older you get looks.

1347
03:19:02.310 --> 03:19:05.220
BRF2 4103: Like the difference is the grease people yeah.

1348
03:19:06.750 --> 03:19:08.490
BRF2 4103: Why, that is, but i'm not sure of.

1349
03:19:11.880 --> 03:19:16.350
BRF2 4103: The second language in there isn't like a second guessing all this like like.

1350
03:19:17.670 --> 03:19:18.690
BRF2 4103: Like something.

1351
03:19:21.870 --> 03:19:28.140
BRF2 4103: yeah perfect so often it's all about every once in this meeting related content, you can pretty much do.

1352
03:19:31.890 --> 03:19:39.270
It so the common it's these these going to fail and they fail morphology.

1353
03:19:40.470 --> 03:19:41.340
yeah so.

1354
03:19:43.350 --> 03:19:47.280
Companies around the globe it's on the table language.

1355
03:19:48.420 --> 03:19:52.500
BRF2 4103: You know I can give you a word like sleep and machine learning.

1356
03:19:53.850 --> 03:19:59.400
BRF2 4103: stuff is that right, but i'm not where I give you the form of where she pretty.

1357
03:20:00.420 --> 03:20:02.280
Good forums, or even yeah.

1358
03:20:04.320 --> 03:20:07.680
BRF2 4103: wait for the way something where the dog right.

1359
03:20:09.900 --> 03:20:12.180
BRF2 4103: Now, yesterday you yes.

1360
03:20:15.690 --> 03:20:16.830
BRF2 4103: So when I.

1361
03:20:18.300 --> 03:20:20.550
BRF2 4103: tell you that you, you weren't yeah.

1362
03:20:22.590 --> 03:20:24.660
BRF2 4103: yeah yeah, the question is, why is that.

1363
03:20:27.060 --> 03:20:30.750
BRF2 4103: Why don't we do that now, the question is when are you going to do this.

1364
03:20:33.420 --> 03:20:34.410
BRF2 4103: What would you say for the.

1365
03:20:37.980 --> 03:20:49.290
BRF2 4103: word I, like you, can't right that's the thing with this as these restrictions that are really, really these exotic machinery that, which is why.

1366
03:20:50.550 --> 03:20:51.990
Because that's where all the idiosyncrasies.

1367
03:20:54.990 --> 03:20:59.130
BRF2 4103: What do you track the propulsion I mean that's it yeah that's a good question.

1368
03:21:00.840 --> 03:21:02.040
BRF2 4103: I think most interested in.

1369
03:21:03.150 --> 03:21:05.970
The meetings, rather, unlike the sensory motor.

1370
03:21:07.320 --> 03:21:18.690
BRF2 4103: admission side of things, so I actually you know, this is, this is what we're going to try and separate the meanings of the words for my all hostile experiences those types of sensations that we.

1371
03:21:19.860 --> 03:21:21.570
BRF2 4103: Have but I.

1372
03:21:22.590 --> 03:21:24.120
BRF2 4103: yeah that's that's a good question.

1373
03:21:25.320 --> 03:21:36.960
BRF2 4103: You have to have someone in the you know I mean my research was back to edit Burt i'm a little bit focus that people were like no nice people foliage equal quality policy.

1374
03:21:38.610 --> 03:21:46.140
BRF2 4103: No one, no one is focusing enough, so there are people trying to do that, but yeah it's definitely.

1375
03:21:47.100 --> 03:22:04.920
BRF2 4103: yeah all methods of you know bias towards knowledge is that people who study the people say that How does that first languages like English like just like you know we're not resources for either mostly yeah see there's a bias towards this type of the purchase.

1376
03:22:05.970 --> 03:22:12.330
BRF2 4103: I love, but content with beautiful photographs, it would much rather go, we can really see.

1377
03:22:13.590 --> 03:22:20.670
BRF2 4103: i'm not paying attention to your holidays, you know suppose you have to have a language that does all this crazy aggregation.

1378
03:22:23.040 --> 03:22:23.310
point.

1379
03:22:26.460 --> 03:22:31.530
BRF2 4103: Good moves to Nicholas next three three last thoughts.

1380
03:22:33.030 --> 03:22:39.210
BRF2 4103: Everyone i'm Nicholas i'm a fifth year in biological sciences PhD program as well as a specialization tracking the progeny.

1381
03:22:39.780 --> 03:22:50.070
BRF2 4103: i'm a big fan of molecular and cellular biology, above all, I like neuroscience but i've also found immunology incredibly interesting so for my PhD work i'm setting a disorder of the nervous system.

1382
03:22:50.400 --> 03:22:55.590
BRF2 4103: With a significant inflammatory component, specifically the development of chronic pain after nerve injury.

1383
03:22:56.760 --> 03:23:03.090
My project central question revolves around astrocytes which are type of glial cells or non neuron cells in the brain and spinal cord.

1384
03:23:03.750 --> 03:23:13.230
We can see in live animals in response to painful stimuli in the periphery, like a pinch, to the foot astrocytes in the spinal cord respond within milliseconds by increasing their levels of intracellular calcium.

1385
03:23:14.070 --> 03:23:22.290
calcium can change a million things about a cell So my first conception of this project was wondering what then it is that astrocytes can detect that lead to this calcium increase.

1386
03:23:22.710 --> 03:23:26.460
And how astrocytes then affect the surrounding environment after that calcium increase.

1387
03:23:26.940 --> 03:23:40.560
But if proposed moving forward focuses this question in the context of chronic pain we're using a bunch of tools and toys first of my experiments are now in the context of a nerve injury to the sag nerve called partial sciatic nerve ligation to induce chronic pain.

1388
03:23:41.790 --> 03:23:51.960
mean manipulation, that we use is inhibiting specific actions astrocytes and adult animals by injecting little genetic payloads inside of viruses called a bs directly into the spinal cord.

1389
03:23:52.770 --> 03:24:00.900
In transgenic animals expressing calcium indicators, we can visualize astrocyte activity in response to different stimuli after injury and with different a.

1390
03:24:02.070 --> 03:24:09.330
post mortem we can look at the spatial extent of things like inflammation looking here at macrophages or micro glial in green and astrocytes in red.

1391
03:24:09.930 --> 03:24:16.860
Or we can sort cells into different populations and grab the RNA for gene expression studies at these different time points in a conditions.

1392
03:24:17.610 --> 03:24:25.830
While the animals are alive importantly i'm collecting behavior data looking at established behaviors that indicate chronic pain or its alleviation under different conditions.

1393
03:24:26.550 --> 03:24:32.040
i'm happy to talk more about any of this stuff at any time, but what really brings us all here is an interest in anthropology.

1394
03:24:32.610 --> 03:24:41.790
And while I found myself deep in the world of neurons and molecules but got me interested in biology at all in the first place was evolution wondering really why humans are the way they are.

1395
03:24:42.360 --> 03:24:51.390
and especially interested in evolution of cognition I think it's philosophically incredibly interesting to wonder why it is that philosophy exists at all for our species.

1396
03:24:51.930 --> 03:24:57.600
I love using an evolutionary lens to try and think about feasible mechanisms for what actually shaped the human mind.

1397
03:24:58.140 --> 03:25:10.320
And I think it's relevant for modern people and maybe modern medicine to try and really understand what the strengths of the human mind are and what context that thrives and why it is prone to some pretty spectacular failures.

1398
03:25:11.970 --> 03:25:15.510
i've been in the specialization for a year now and attended to symposium my first year.

1399
03:25:16.050 --> 03:25:20.790
I feel incredibly fortunate to be paired with speakers focused on exactly the kinds of questions that brought me to Carta.

1400
03:25:21.300 --> 03:25:28.560
First gym ruling is a neuroscientist and emrys anthropology department to discuss the human argue that the secularists in the molecules to society symposium.

1401
03:25:29.310 --> 03:25:41.940
He showed us how the argument for this is like a brain superhighway connecting multiple structures together involved in language use and understanding and it's significantly larger and more connected in humans compared to other mammal species, including the great apes.

1402
03:25:42.990 --> 03:25:51.840
Well, this was right up my alley for thinking about human cognition and its unique capabilities, I also got to meet with Dr Leslie I ll in the past, present and future of the prophecy and symposium.

1403
03:25:52.470 --> 03:25:55.860
I quickly realized, I was meeting with a certified titan of anthropology.

1404
03:25:56.490 --> 03:26:03.090
She was the person who first proposed the expensive tissue hypothesis, which is one of my favorite things I learned about in the first anthropology class.

1405
03:26:03.570 --> 03:26:13.680
And after climbing up to the top of University College London anthropology department she moved on to be the President of the wenner-gren Foundation, which is one of the largest funders of anthropology research in the world.

1406
03:26:14.520 --> 03:26:19.950
it's hard to overstate what a valuable experience talking with Leslie was her careers about as successful as they come.

1407
03:26:20.550 --> 03:26:31.020
The perspective she's built is incredible and she was also just super happy to hear about what life is like as a 2022 PhD student offering advice perspective and some encouragement.

1408
03:26:31.710 --> 03:26:39.900
It was great to meet with Dr really talk specifics and findings about neuroscience supporting critical differences in human cognition relative to the great apes.

1409
03:26:40.410 --> 03:26:48.630
there's also nice to get a 10,000 foot view of anthropology thinking about deep time and selection pressures through millennia, and to just chat with Dr Aiello.

1410
03:26:49.290 --> 03:26:57.840
I found both of these to be super valuable experiences and in an official capacity i've also had some fun back and forth with another Professor Dr Maynard olson.

1411
03:26:58.350 --> 03:27:11.640
And we had a lot of similar questions and thoughts in the molecules to society's private symposium and started talking over email it's been just another incredibly fun cool connection enabled by the specialization this year that i'm very thankful for.

1412
03:27:13.260 --> 03:27:21.870
With that i'm happy to take any questions if you see me with a laptop I have like a billion slides on my project if you want to hear more about that look at data, whatever.

1413
03:27:22.290 --> 03:27:34.710
And thank you all for a good year it's been a lot of fun getting together to talk about human evolution with you all hearing all the unique perspectives interest and expertise is and i'm just super appreciative to be here, so thank you.

1414
03:27:51.120 --> 03:27:51.480
K.

1415
03:28:00.240 --> 03:28:05.340
BRF2 4103: So an attack from the deception or perception.

1416
03:28:06.420 --> 03:28:10.710
Some rain and like cannabis will target percent.

1417
03:28:16.470 --> 03:28:21.240
Is that more or less helpful for like chronic pain and not really sure.

1418
03:28:24.180 --> 03:28:25.800
Having kind of from the first account.

1419
03:28:27.690 --> 03:28:29.910
The meaningful efficient.

1420
03:28:33.030 --> 03:28:48.960
BRF2 4103: yeah So the question includes in it that pain and, like the sensation of noxious stimuli actually different things to sort of like photo reception in your eyes is different than the experience of vision this deception is different than pain and a chronic pain.

1421
03:28:51.270 --> 03:29:02.400
BRF2 4103: And so, at least what i'm hoping to study is like this accepted pain, with the part that you actually that sucks not just noticing that something's happening.

1422
03:29:03.900 --> 03:29:17.010
BRF2 4103: In my mind it requires that there's a section in the first place, so my projects focused in the spinal cord and that's where the pain is the millisecond signals that lead to the act when you get back.

1423
03:29:19.560 --> 03:29:32.490
BRF2 4103: into my project My hope is that can prevent to hyper connectivity of the spinal cord average signals that are ongoing, the absence of stimuli that you'll be true, but there's no bigger than that because.

1424
03:29:33.540 --> 03:29:33.840
This is.

1425
03:29:34.950 --> 03:29:40.650
What about the case itself like Anna plan, whether it's not necessarily a deceptive aspect.

1426
03:29:42.780 --> 03:29:52.290
BRF2 4103: or something that perception that's great yeah so it typically arises first and the spinal cord so it's basically the neurons that.

1427
03:29:52.770 --> 03:29:59.070
BRF2 4103: would be sending signals from that injury or an athlete that no longer exists so they're constantly sending signals.

1428
03:29:59.640 --> 03:30:09.180
BRF2 4103: So your brain is seen as a single test that something hurts, and so my chronicles would have been here is where, after it heals it still hurts.

1429
03:30:09.960 --> 03:30:16.440
BRF2 4103: So the injury, this is all the papers and so it's it's exactly this kind of thing that basically.

1430
03:30:17.100 --> 03:30:32.250
BRF2 4103: The Court it's really wired together a bunch of new excited to a synopsis or Horn, right after the injury starts it so once the heels just have extra wiring constant ongoing simply so my hope.

1431
03:30:33.360 --> 03:30:35.940
BRF2 4103: My targeting astrocytes we play major roles in.

1432
03:30:37.020 --> 03:30:43.080
modulating fields of neurons as well as soon as they can prevent that is after.

1433
03:30:45.300 --> 03:30:47.730
The fact that needs to change and.

1434
03:30:53.220 --> 03:30:56.130
Also, taking the April measurements on.

1435
03:30:57.990 --> 03:31:08.430
BRF2 4103: was wondering, so I think already it's probably quite typical perky mouse overs to trudge kane and, sometimes, especially for chronic pain too many months ago.

1436
03:31:09.600 --> 03:31:19.860
Somebody said, like subjectively verify pain, but is so used to that they don't necessarily show, like every little piece talk a little bit about what to better.

1437
03:31:21.210 --> 03:31:22.920
manage difficult to the.

1438
03:31:24.570 --> 03:31:25.710
BRF2 4103: hundred meals to.

1439
03:31:27.270 --> 03:31:27.780
They don't click.

1440
03:31:29.430 --> 03:31:29.820
On there.

1441
03:31:31.350 --> 03:31:41.730
BRF2 4103: So we do to kind of broad classes, one is it is basically just paint so you put their foot with the fiber or heat source and see basically after injury.

1442
03:31:42.270 --> 03:31:53.220
BRF2 4103: often become hypersensitive what's going on there and you're putting on jeans becomes really painful, because everything in the form of the areas hypersensitive definitely structure.

1443
03:31:53.820 --> 03:32:09.990
BRF2 4103: For this component and so but I recently added this competition place records and basically what the animal export two rooms, with very different walls for baseline and then on subsequent days I will.

1444
03:32:11.070 --> 03:32:11.610
indicate.

1445
03:32:13.410 --> 03:32:26.160
a painkiller form Sydney and the locker rooms and the final day we want to explore and if they build positive perception towards the painkiller the starting words time.

1446
03:32:28.110 --> 03:32:36.000
BRF2 4103: So there's other things that you need to use non paid felons does any other will actually like the room or.

1447
03:32:38.340 --> 03:32:40.080
BRF2 4103: We are getting some effective gathered.

1448
03:32:47.280 --> 03:32:49.290
BRF2 4103: it's triggered a question, yes please.

1449
03:32:52.380 --> 03:32:52.680
Tanushree Agrawal: i'm.

1450
03:32:55.590 --> 03:32:55.950
Sorry.

1451
03:32:59.550 --> 03:32:59.850
Yes.

1452
03:33:02.280 --> 03:33:03.000
greatness like.

1453
03:33:04.290 --> 03:33:14.880
Tanushree Agrawal: Experience in terms of like how are you like finalists to like in section of that, but how do you blend those adversity research, I guess.

1454
03:33:15.600 --> 03:33:19.920
BRF2 4103: Well, I mean love is that means that.

1455
03:33:21.120 --> 03:33:23.730
It takes someone else earlier called a soccer ball it kills.

1456
03:33:26.310 --> 03:33:27.120
BRF2 4103: The stripes and.

1457
03:33:32.940 --> 03:33:37.560
BRF2 4103: So I mean, I have four kids breaks and.

1458
03:33:39.390 --> 03:33:39.930
visit.

1459
03:33:42.120 --> 03:33:46.440
BRF2 4103: And sonny's kind of take that information, and I think that.

1460
03:33:48.000 --> 03:33:51.960
it's interesting how things like versus patient can change your.

1461
03:33:54.030 --> 03:34:01.230
How, you know there's this weird thing depression, when you perform stays on people pressure little breaks and more playing.

1462
03:34:02.250 --> 03:34:12.660
A look at people axiomatic brain injuries early life into the degree of suicide, the tpi person 30 is like eight times higher.

1463
03:34:14.040 --> 03:34:15.720
it's like seeing this interaction.

1464
03:34:16.770 --> 03:34:18.840
With seem to be.

1465
03:34:19.860 --> 03:34:24.870
On already charged things that happened to my childhood yeah predicting suicide.

1466
03:34:27.390 --> 03:34:34.020
it's really interesting to see changes in response to it but seems like very that's true.

1467
03:34:36.960 --> 03:34:45.060
BRF2 4103: Like the quality of our consulting have a reverse direction sort of like psychology book that big argument against.

1468
03:34:46.320 --> 03:34:49.710
BRF2 4103: Those who I thought, things were bad another good those people.

1469
03:34:53.310 --> 03:34:55.320
BRF2 4103: Are all and things like that, as well as the.

1470
03:35:00.390 --> 03:35:23.460
BRF2 4103: Cultural question and there's some evidence that the US, the US, we can all take one direct result of your academic penguin penguin yeah So the question it's that fascinates me is that you know that there's a lot of simultaneous actually actually utilize to walk right passage.

1471
03:35:24.840 --> 03:35:41.880
BRF2 4103: And I think the different human societies have gotten very different attitudes towards pain chronic back pain should never be tolerated on certain moments, where you have paved the you know very good friend of mine is an essential feature of disease doctor Zurich.

1472
03:35:42.930 --> 03:35:50.850
BRF2 4103: She knew Ob gyn in 19 in the year 2000 mailers told her you know, yes, women have to keep a.

1473
03:35:52.980 --> 03:36:02.490
BRF2 4103: Really concise in progress, so all these different views, you know when and maybe we Overdoing the same location, we did the project.

1474
03:36:03.840 --> 03:36:16.680
BRF2 4103: And i'm fascinated by that and it's clearly something that I don't see SPC like your hands in the realest developing very different approach, whereas with our cultural baggage.

1475
03:36:17.340 --> 03:36:26.430
BRF2 4103: You know percentage nice Commission structure we could start building came under certain circumstances, almost a moral value or.

1476
03:36:28.290 --> 03:36:31.320
I think I have a planner that's a lot.

1477
03:36:32.550 --> 03:36:33.750
Better life resilience.

1478
03:36:36.360 --> 03:36:47.340
BRF2 4103: And personally my sales and client to caution that what a privilege, it must have never experienced pain so severe that there was nothing to learn from it, except the paint fucking sucks.

1479
03:36:49.110 --> 03:37:03.180
BRF2 4103: So in the, if you like, our society, I was definitely raised in a your arm hurts take ibuprofen society absolutely needed a great, but I also think that the other extreme pain builds character and paint breaks people to.

1480
03:37:07.620 --> 03:37:10.350
BRF2 4103: It so that like.

1481
03:37:11.820 --> 03:37:14.040
ronnie paints some amount of that this.

1482
03:37:15.120 --> 03:37:16.860
is like a reseal yeah.

1483
03:37:20.010 --> 03:37:24.000
yeah like how come it's summer now it's not like it.

1484
03:37:26.010 --> 03:37:34.260
BRF2 4103: yeah I mean, I think the nervous system, in response to severe relations trying to fix it behind such a problem, why are the things.

1485
03:37:35.310 --> 03:37:36.270
BRF2 4103: Which is extremely good.

1486
03:37:38.070 --> 03:37:45.450
it's just perhaps their you know their specific concepts which adaptive things far seems to be adaptive.

1487
03:37:47.160 --> 03:37:52.170
BRF2 4103: Systems, then you the information burst central nervous system, so it's friendly fire.

1488
03:37:53.010 --> 03:38:08.910
BRF2 4103: yeah very accurate answers and keeps you alive, but it has filled out and up for collateral says, you know the system, then you have chronic pain from a very successful immune system yet another reason why you might want to keep vision system, out of your brain my brain.

1489
03:38:10.170 --> 03:38:19.230
BRF2 4103: was really awful immune cells T cells have no business being example once you start seeing macrophages coming in from outside is really bad.

1490
03:38:20.670 --> 03:38:37.620
BRF2 4103: So, usually only call carry microbiota you know are supposed to be that it was pretty interesting thing on the immune system to is that female may SEWS T cells with chronic pain little mice use Wikipedia and if you knock out T cells in mice the.

1491
03:38:38.850 --> 03:38:39.330
developer.

1492
03:38:40.440 --> 03:38:42.360
This is a huge sexual or.

1493
03:38:43.890 --> 03:38:44.430
Special.

1494
03:38:49.470 --> 03:38:50.670
BRF2 4103: Nice it's very.

1495
03:38:53.250 --> 03:38:55.230
BRF2 4103: good guys, we have two dogs.

1496
03:38:56.580 --> 03:38:59.160
BRF2 4103: Last before last but not least, very.

1497
03:39:00.210 --> 03:39:01.980
BRF2 4103: very bitter and then Yahoo.

1498
03:39:06.120 --> 03:39:10.620
hi i'm Felix bender i'm a third year in the cognitive science department.

1499
03:39:12.210 --> 03:39:17.610
humans can achieve impressive cognitive fees, and this is common to feed some impressive things on the world.

1500
03:39:18.690 --> 03:39:29.940
At the same time, our brains or cognitive resources and all that fundamentally different from our forebears both was in homo sapiens and to a lesser degree across species so.

1501
03:39:30.630 --> 03:39:35.130
Not so different from our close relatives what explains the difference in what we can achieve.

1502
03:39:35.820 --> 03:39:40.650
here's one observation humans constantly do things in the environment to make thinking easier.

1503
03:39:41.340 --> 03:39:52.380
We thought things we'd run things we measure remark, we even use technologies like augmented reality to impose information on the world and we outfit our environment with all sorts of signage.

1504
03:39:53.130 --> 03:39:58.290
All of these are tools or strategies we use in changing our environment, to make thinking easier.

1505
03:39:59.130 --> 03:40:11.100
Imagine if we could really understand how changing one's environment can support, cognition that could go some way in explaining how we achieve calm two fields, unlike other primates despite having a similar cognitive and down.

1506
03:40:12.930 --> 03:40:20.490
The specific phenomenon that I study is physical reasoning and planet for humans build structures and contraptions machines.

1507
03:40:21.000 --> 03:40:33.660
How do our interactions with our environment, help us to understand and construct us that's the question i'm trying to answer in my research so here's a brief overview over the three main projects i'm currently working on.

1508
03:40:35.760 --> 03:40:41.100
First, I study how we can make use of the visual structure of the environment, to inform planning.

1509
03:40:41.610 --> 03:40:46.710
Specifically, I study how people and the ice off the construction problem, building a tower.

1510
03:40:47.100 --> 03:40:55.770
can see on the left side when given a tool to create visual sub goals i'm thinking this visual sub goals and similar to folding and math while you're planning a route.

1511
03:40:56.730 --> 03:41:00.870
What are the consequences of using such a strategy to change the environment by planning.

1512
03:41:01.470 --> 03:41:11.970
To answer this I ran both simulations of artificial intelligences and collected data from human participants and it turns out that such a visual sub goals can help a great deal to make planning easier and faster.

1513
03:41:14.730 --> 03:41:18.870
But in order to plan you need to have some way of predicting the outcome of your actions.

1514
03:41:19.620 --> 03:41:26.790
And to help understand this in another project I work with a large group of researchers to study how will state of the artificial intelligent models.

1515
03:41:27.000 --> 03:41:33.900
can understand the physical interactions compared to humans and the answer is not yet very well people still do much better than the machines.

1516
03:41:34.350 --> 03:41:46.260
particular interest to this group might be that my collaborator you in by is working in using the same data set that we have created to test the physical understanding of mechanics in a comparable way to people in the eyes.

1517
03:41:49.050 --> 03:41:58.260
So we found that humans are better than machines at understanding their physical environment, but what are the machines missing one answer might be curiosity.

1518
03:41:58.800 --> 03:42:05.790
And there's ongoing follow a project we're studying whole curiosity drives people to explore the environment to better understand so.

1519
03:42:06.270 --> 03:42:10.710
Imagine that you are trying to understand some contraption that you can't get extensive and.

1520
03:42:10.980 --> 03:42:24.690
To do that, you might interact with the environment by trying different things out to understand how it works in touch this here which does turn that over through that that thing, and so we want to understand how curiosity drives these experiments to understand.

1521
03:42:25.800 --> 03:42:31.530
Instructions instructions, and this is another way that we interact with our environment in the service of cognition.

1522
03:42:32.970 --> 03:42:42.090
To take it together, I hope that this project share at least a little light on how humans might make efficient use of their cognitive resources by interacting with the environment.

1523
03:42:46.140 --> 03:42:52.980
At the reason anthropocene symposium I was paired up with mark moffitt who told me a lot of fascinating bits of trivia about ads.

1524
03:42:53.310 --> 03:43:04.410
he's arguing, but those are the answer societies and human societies have much in common, specifically their social organization socially modification, but it's another parallel between humans and and and I find fascinating.

1525
03:43:05.790 --> 03:43:13.380
Like humans and animals that rearranged environment in order to solve cognitive problems and problems like navigation and coordination.

1526
03:43:13.770 --> 03:43:26.790
Think of the pheromone trails and ensley for navigation or the complicated structure that they built in the end is only possible through the coordination of many individuals and much of that happens we're augmenting and shaping the environment.

1527
03:43:28.440 --> 03:43:39.510
And this in the case of humans, we can think of as a form of content niche creation part of what drives my interest in and support me is wanting to understand how humans have shaped environments.

1528
03:43:40.050 --> 03:43:51.090
anyways and particularly interested in what we can learn from these physical traces about the evolution of human condition that has enabled the shaping of the environment in first place.

1529
03:43:53.610 --> 03:43:55.320
that's it Thank you.

1530
03:44:06.240 --> 03:44:09.690
So and sort of follow.

1531
03:44:11.790 --> 03:44:12.030
up.

1532
03:44:14.490 --> 03:44:15.060
just wondering because.

1533
03:44:16.200 --> 03:44:18.930
it's the periodicity isn't like the stick from.

1534
03:44:20.040 --> 03:44:22.710
activation there's player, what is the mission.

1535
03:44:23.850 --> 03:44:24.780
BRF2 4103: yeah so.

1536
03:44:26.070 --> 03:44:28.050
BRF2 4103: How does it is trying out different.

1537
03:44:29.310 --> 03:44:32.190
So existing definitions of curiosity that are.

1538
03:44:33.480 --> 03:44:35.520
Usually, you find the.

1539
03:44:37.230 --> 03:44:47.700
As sort of being in relation to your models roles, like some idea of how we're able to predict how well it works so well and.

1540
03:44:48.300 --> 03:44:58.500
that's something like mice model looks like today is, essentially, then you know there's different definitions of curiosity, maybe you just see novelty to see new information, did you see.

1541
03:44:59.730 --> 03:45:05.280
All my previous five six curious that we take surveys there's references early.

1542
03:45:06.510 --> 03:45:07.800
yeah you.

1543
03:45:09.360 --> 03:45:10.080
Are yeah.

1544
03:45:11.310 --> 03:45:13.290
And then there's like more sophisticated wants to run that.

1545
03:45:14.310 --> 03:45:15.180
gate for that.

1546
03:45:17.490 --> 03:45:18.300
that's the sort of like.

1547
03:45:27.870 --> 03:45:36.780
So we're not going to find a Punch, this is not be great yeah but looking at for this year.

1548
03:45:37.980 --> 03:45:37.980
Like.

1549
03:45:39.030 --> 03:45:52.830
To be see similar actually there is a city that is curiosity, to see the most humans and my non human primates like you know how's that I guess operationalize boss other living.

1550
03:45:55.980 --> 03:45:56.220
yeah.

1551
03:45:58.530 --> 03:46:04.110
that's funny I think like in terms of doing these like options in the world that complex thing.

1552
03:46:05.310 --> 03:46:08.490
i'm not aware of like it's not like the gosh.

1553
03:46:10.530 --> 03:46:10.710
I.

1554
03:46:12.030 --> 03:46:12.240
know.

1555
03:46:14.910 --> 03:46:21.270
BRF2 4103: In terms of curiosity exploration as me and we got this game which.

1556
03:46:22.380 --> 03:46:23.400
exploration is all.

1557
03:46:24.990 --> 03:46:25.650
Things at.

1558
03:46:29.160 --> 03:46:32.250
BRF2 4103: school and from from what I remember, they explore.

1559
03:46:35.130 --> 03:46:37.470
BRF2 4103: most heavily explored almost often the.

1560
03:46:38.970 --> 03:46:39.540
way I.

1561
03:46:44.760 --> 03:46:47.940
BRF2 4103: Think, as far as I know, most adults have read more.

1562
03:46:56.100 --> 03:46:57.990
Many years trying to.

1563
03:46:59.490 --> 03:47:07.950
BRF2 4103: develop user amanda wonderful articles to take the place of what the dolphins are doing for a bigger as far as detecting minds.

1564
03:47:08.730 --> 03:47:16.380
BRF2 4103: And they're still kind of nowhere Peter the the ability, the dolphins have to accurately detect written for clients that they've had.

1565
03:47:17.070 --> 03:47:28.680
BRF2 4103: Experience with either the guys have been trained on the exact same it should be relatively straightforward but it's just that that element of like extra curiosity an extra exploration around.

1566
03:47:30.300 --> 03:47:32.100
The same exact targets that the.

1567
03:47:34.440 --> 03:47:38.340
robots are going, we have to wait yeah yeah.

1568
03:47:42.330 --> 03:47:46.020
you're awfully just like like troubleshooting like.

1569
03:47:47.430 --> 03:47:52.890
BRF2 4103: we're like we're now go through the sex at this work like Is that how much.

1570
03:47:54.600 --> 03:48:01.260
BRF2 4103: trouble, but that curiosity evolving from yeah you do it for the heck of it yeah.

1571
03:48:02.280 --> 03:48:04.590
Exactly, but I don't have any problems.

1572
03:48:06.840 --> 03:48:08.220
Very awesome so.

1573
03:48:15.210 --> 03:48:22.470
BRF2 4103: let's have a listen to us laugh for but we don't want is not here, but can I ask you to do you have your presentation.

1574
03:48:23.610 --> 03:48:25.680
Kate Kaya: I do yeah i'll play it right now.

1575
03:48:26.250 --> 03:48:28.200
BRF2 4103: Close it up with your presentation.

1576
03:48:29.070 --> 03:48:30.990
Kate Kaya: palio passages in China.

1577
03:48:34.740 --> 03:48:56.340
hi everyone, my name is Johan i'm a second year PhD student and the Department department of anthropology my research focus on the relationship between animal human interaction and zoonotic diseases in prehistoric China.

1578
03:48:57.450 --> 03:48:58.170
So.

1579
03:48:59.880 --> 03:49:16.590
We know that zoonotic diseases makeup most emerging infectious diseases among human populations around the globe, according to the survey done to on the one it is about 60% of all of the infectious diseases.

1580
03:49:17.370 --> 03:49:29.460
We all know that we also know that conditions like living in larger and more permanent settlements free great interactions with animals can lead to an increase in horizontal transmissions.

1581
03:49:29.910 --> 03:49:45.720
of bacteria parasites viruses and etc, so people around the world are mostly sedentary and they happen since the start of the new lipsticks.

1582
03:49:46.950 --> 03:50:14.550
cumin so evidence of infectious diseases are both present in skeletal records and textual records, so if we look at the this picture on the right, we can see there might be they never did a diagnose, but from the kind of microscopic analysis they think.

1583
03:50:15.660 --> 03:50:43.110
The sort of lesion and deformity of the spine is consistent with possible TV and from textual records we we got a lot of the specified and infectious diseases that turn into epidemic in the past, so the early is being recorded is this from 674 BC.

1584
03:50:44.190 --> 03:50:53.490
So the goal of my research is to understand when and how these prophecies first began in prehistoric China.

1585
03:50:54.540 --> 03:51:09.300
So a little bit on the cultural history of on the Chinese kind of livestock interactions China is one of the primary centers of plant and animal domestication.

1586
03:51:10.470 --> 03:51:20.880
We domesticated since the Neolithic briars melted soybeans pigs and dogs and from the Bronze age during the Bronze age.

1587
03:51:22.230 --> 03:51:40.110
Plants like wheat barley animals like gold horses cuddles and sheep were introduced from elsewhere and there throughout the history history, history and pre history in China, there are.

1588
03:51:41.160 --> 03:52:02.610
There were different lifestyles being practiced so most of us were certain tree agricultural lists around to this is a march that emerged since around nine on BC in the yellow river Valley, where I will be working act.

1589
03:52:03.810 --> 03:52:23.370
That in central central place in North and Western frontier from tucson BC we have non nomadic pastoralists people in contemporary play locations in China, like seeing down to that and being on.

1590
03:52:25.260 --> 03:52:48.090
have also practice are also practicing lifestyles like vertical transhumanism trends humanists and mole or they are mobile pastoralists which are which are kind of characterized by this increased and more frequent movement.

1591
03:52:49.980 --> 03:53:12.210
off the communities home base and households and animals were also kept in different ways, like sometimes they were pen outside banal faltered and sometimes they were pen outside unfiltered or sometimes they could be pending side of the House or even.

1592
03:53:13.620 --> 03:53:14.160
You know.

1593
03:53:15.180 --> 03:53:16.350
places like.

1594
03:53:18.540 --> 03:53:28.980
The neighboring area like Nepal and Tibet day or even being or even being kept under the residential for so.

1595
03:53:29.910 --> 03:53:47.010
The the sort of a hypotheses hypothesis Institute to try to entangle disentangle what aspects of the animal human interaction that really prompt the.

1596
03:53:47.880 --> 03:54:03.060
sort of spread of infectious diseases, so, is it are we talking about dealing with a specific species of domestic or command so animals and we talking about how the ways those animals were kept are we talking about.

1597
03:54:04.860 --> 03:54:18.120
Are we talking about the way were you dealing using and dealing with animal products like are we using them for me to we're using them for mostly secondary products that can have a.

1598
03:54:18.870 --> 03:54:26.910
impact on increase increased likelihood impacted and transmission, so my method is primarily going to be.

1599
03:54:28.980 --> 03:54:53.640
Human archaeology so that will include a macroscopic analysis for with a corporate with with the aid of Radio radio griffey to observe bone remodeling and as well as bone histology understood logical analysis to try to see if there are some micro microscopic.

1600
03:54:54.960 --> 03:55:03.030
changes and the bone formations and possible so Asian DNA analysis will be done with collaboration.

1601
03:55:04.350 --> 03:55:13.290
With a Chinese research institutions like for diversity, which is located in Shanghai and is a sister school of ucsd.

1602
03:55:14.550 --> 03:55:39.960
So, but depends on how well the presentations are and maybe maybe maybe we'll get some Informations maybe we will not, and since i've been here for the past two and a half years I haven't actually started my field but I i'm talking with collaborators that can possibly.

1603
03:55:41.400 --> 03:55:53.520
That will that I can possibly start with the project next summer and we'll go, which is located in the North West of China and they have estimate of 5000 skeletons.

1604
03:55:54.060 --> 03:56:05.970
And the age was from roughly early to mid bronze age, so this is This concludes my end of my research Thank you so much for people listening in.

1605
03:56:11.760 --> 03:56:22.650
BRF2 4103: Okay, everyone that was a marathon de facto for like yoga and, hopefully, just so cool to see all these different ways and.

1606
03:56:24.300 --> 03:56:26.700
BRF2 4103: I realize it's it can be taxing on.

1607
03:56:27.720 --> 03:56:32.430
BRF2 4103: Because it's not the language we use every day so you're exposed to a lot of different.

1608
03:56:33.510 --> 03:56:51.000
BRF2 4103: vocabularies use of different words have the same words and another meaning, but I think that it's it's to me it's very apparent, the value of it just a smorgasbord of interest that there is not one link failures, you know what I was.

1609
03:56:52.890 --> 03:56:55.770
BRF2 4103: So great it was a pleasure to hear all your presentation.

1610
03:56:57.690 --> 03:57:02.010
BRF2 4103: And thank you all very much and faith Thank you so much for the.

1611
03:57:03.150 --> 03:57:04.140
BRF2 4103: Great hosting.

1612
03:57:05.310 --> 03:57:19.290
Kate Kaya: Thanks, it was so so funding here and we'll put a recording and a of the whole session, plus the zoom chat plus and a transcript on the event page that's it Thank you so much.

1613
03:57:19.380 --> 03:57:24.030
BRF2 4103: So you can, if you want to go and look up into the details of the all new rules.

1614
03:57:26.460 --> 03:57:27.480
Kate Kaya: and take.

1615
03:57:27.540 --> 03:57:30.570
BRF2 4103: Take it goes up on his offer slide.

1616
03:57:34.920 --> 03:57:37.140
BRF2 4103: Okay, or you want so good to see you all.