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TDG (Thymine-DNA glycosylase)

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Human Uniqueness Compared to "Great Apes": 
Likely Difference
MOCA Domain: 
Genetics
MOCA Topic Authors: 
Majesta O'Bleness
James Sikela

Thymine-DNA Gycosylase (TDG) is a DNA repair enzyme that is responsible for removing thymine from G/T mismatches and as such is an important part of cellular defense against genetic mutations. In addition to its primary function, TDG can also repair other types of mismatches at a lower affinity and has been shown to interact with multiple transcription factors and be involved in demethylation, which implicate it in gene regulation. Array comparative genomic hybridization indicates that CDH12 is present in the human genome in higher copy number than any other primate, however, the significance of this change in copy number is unknown.

Genetics Topic Attributes

Gene symbols follow the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee standard.

Gene Symbol:
TDG (TDG: thymine-DNA glycosylase)
Type of Human-Specific Changes:
Copy Number Changes
Related MOCA Topics
Timing

Timing of Appearance of the Difference in the Hominin Lineage.

For this entry assume that

  • the common ancestor of humans and old world monkeys was 25000 thousand (25 million) years ago
  • the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees was 6000 thousand (6 million) years ago
  • the emergence of the genus Homo was 2000 thousand (2 million) years ago
  • the common ancestor of modern humans was 100 thousand years ago

 

Definite Appearance: 
6000 Thousand Years
References: 

Armengol G, Knuutila S, Lozano JJ, Madrigal I, Caballín MR. (2010) Identification of human specific gene duplications relative to other primates by array CGH and quantitative PCR. Genomics 95(4):203-9. PMID:20153417

 

Cortázar D, Kunz C, Saito Y, Steinacher R, Schär P. The enigmatic thymine DNA glycosylase. DNA Repair (Amst). 2007 Apr 1;6(4):489-504. PMID: 17116428

 

Fortna A, Kim Y, MacLaren E, Marshall K, Hahn G, Meltesen L, Brenton M, Hink R, Burgers S, Hernandez-Boussard T, Karimpour-Fard A, Glueck D, McGavran L, Berry R, Pollack J, Sikela JM. (2004) Lineage-specific gene duplication and loss in human and great ape evolution. PLoS Biol 2(7):E207. PMID: 15252450

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