SIGLEC16 (sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 16)

Certainty Style Key

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Hover over keys for definitions:

True Likely Speculative

What is MOCA?
MOCA FAQ...

Human Uniqueness Compared to "Great Apes":

Likely Difference

Human Universality:

Population Universal (Some Individuals Everywhere)

MOCA Domain:

Genetics

MOCA Topic Authors:

Ajit Varki

Siglec-16 is a paired activating receptor with the inhibitory Siglec-11. The two genes are found adjacent to each other, and a portion of the SIGLEC11 gene was converted by SIGLEC16, only in the human lineage. While great apes all appear to have an intact SIGLEC16 gene, it is inactivated in the majority of humans. The relevance of this polymorphic pseudogenization to humans is unknown, but it is interesting that the molecule is found in the microglia of the brain, which are involved in defense against brain-invading bacteria, and are also prominent in apparently human-specific diseases such as Alzheimer's diesease and AIDS-associated dementia. Studies suggest a complex series of gene conversion and pseudogenization evenst involving SIGLEC16 and SIGLEC11

Timing

Timing of appearance of the difference in the Hominin Lineage as a defined date or a lineage separation event. The point in time associated with lineage separation events may change in the future as the scientific community agrees upon better time estimates. Lineage separation events are defined in 2017 as:

the Last Common Ancestor (LCA) of humans and old world monkeys was 25,000 - 30,000 thousand (25 - 30 million) years ago
the Last Common Ancestor (LCA) of humans and chimpanzees was 6,000 - 8,000 thousand (6 - 8 million) years ago
the emergence of the genus Homo was 2,000 thousand (2 million) years ago
the Last Common Ancestor (LCA) of humans and neanderthals was 500 thousand years ago
the common ancestor of modern humans was 100 - 300 thousand years ago

Possible Appearance (Lineage Separation Event):

Emergence of Genus Homo

Probable Appearance (Lineage Separation Event):

Emergence of Genus Homo

Definite Appearance (Lineage Separation Event):

Emergence of Genus Homo

Topic	Certainty
Siglec Expression in Microglia	True
SIGLEC11 (sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 11)	True

Topic	Certainty
Siglec Expression in Microglia	Speculative
Siglec-16 Expression in the Brain	True
SIGLEC11 (sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 11)	True

Gene Symbol	Type of Human-Specific Changes
SIGLEC16	Pseudogenization

References

Evolution of siglec-11 and siglec-16 genes in hominins, Wang, X., Mitra N., Cruz P., Deng L., Program Nisc Comparativ, Varki Nissi M., Angata T., Green E. D., Mullikin J., Hayakawa T., et al. , Mol Biol Evol, Aug, Volume 29, Number 8, p.2073-86, (2012)
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