Music
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Music—including vocals (which in turn include words), melody, rhythm, repetition, redundancy, variation, and variants for children—is found in all or nearly all cultures. Music is always seen as an art, a creation. The oldest known constructed musical instrument is a flute made from a vulture bone and dated approximately 35,000 BP. It was found in a cave in southern Germany in 2008. Various flutes or flute fragments have been found in Neanderthal sites. The origins of music are unknown. There are a variety of hypotheses for how it evolved. Some aspects of music are found in other species. A parrot in captivity has demonstrated a clear sense of rhythm, but it is rare or absent the living species more closely related to humans.
References
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Globally, songs and instrumental melodies are slower and higher and use more stable pitches than speech: A Registered Report, , Science Advances, Volume 10, Issue 20, p.eadm9797, (2024)
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Music as aposematic signal: predator defense strategies in early human evolution, , Frontiers in Psychology, 2024, Volume 14, (2024)
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Universal interpretations of vocal music., , Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2023 Sep 12, Volume 120, Issue 37, p.e2218593120, (2023)
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A neural population selective for song in human auditory cortex, , Current Biology, 2022/04/11/, Volume 32, Issue 7, p.1470 - 1484.e12, (2022)
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Divergence in the functional organization of human and macaque auditory cortex revealed by fMRI responses to harmonic tones, , Nature Neuroscience, 2019/06/10, (2019)
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How Music and Instruments Began: A Brief Overview of the Origin and Entire Development of Music, from Its Earliest Stages, , 2017, Volume 2, p.8, (2017)
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Indifference to dissonance in native Amazonians reveals cultural variation in music perception, , Nature, 2016/07/13, Volume advance online publication, p. - , (2016)
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Monkey drumming reveals common networks for perceiving vocal and nonvocal communication sounds., , Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2009 Oct 20, Volume 106, Issue 42, p.18010-5, (2009)
